| ASTAXANTHIN Reference |
REFERENCE ASTAXANTHIN BENEFITS [1] Lorenz RT and Cysewski GR Commercial potential for Haematococcus
microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin. Trends Biotechnol. 2000 Apr;18(4):160-7. [2] Palozza P and Krinsky
NI Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are potent antioxidants in a membrane model. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Sep;
297(2):291-5. [3] Jyonouchi H, Zhang L Tomita Y Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. II. Astaxanthin
enhances in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens without facilitating polyclonal B-cell activation. Nutr
Cancer. 1993;19(3):269-80. [4] Oshima S et al, Inhibitory effect of beta-carotene and astaxanthin on photosensitized
oxidation of phospholipid bilayers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1993 Dec;39(6):607-15. [5] Tanaka T et al,
Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin.
Carcinogenesis. 1994 Jan;15(1):15-9. [6] Tanaka T et al, Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally
occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Cancer Res. 1995 Sep 15;55(18):4059-64. [7] O'Connor I
and O'Brien N Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured
fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci. 1998 Mar;16(3):226-30. [8] Chew BP et al, A comparison of the anticancer activities of
dietary beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo. Anticancer Res. 1999 May-Jun;19(3A):1849-53.
[9] Kang JO et al, Effect of astaxanthin on the hepatotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in the liver
of CCl4-treated rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;23(2):79-84. [10] Uchiyama K et al, Astaxanthin
protects beta-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice. Redox Rep. 2002;7(5):290-3. [11] Aoi W et al,
Astaxanthin limits exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2003 Feb;5
(1):139-44. [12] Iwamoto T et al, Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin. J Atheroscler Thromb.
2000;7(4):216-22. [13] Comhaire FH et al, Combined conventional/antioxidant "Astaxanthin" treatment for male
infertility: a double blind, randomized trial. Asian J Androl. 2005 Sep;7(3):257-62. [14] Anderson ML A preliminary
investigation of the enzymatic inhibition of 5alpha-reduction and growth of prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCap-FGC
by natural astaxanthin and Saw Palmetto lipid extract in vitro. J Herb Pharmacother. 2005;5(1):17-26. [15] Kim JH et
al, Protective effect of astaxanthin on naproxen-induced gastric antral ulceration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 May
2;514(1):53-9. Epub 2005 Apr 20. [16] Hussein G et al, Antihypertensive and neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin
in experimental animals. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Jan;28(1):47-52. [17] Kavitha K, et al, Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways via inactivation of Erk/MAPK and PI3K/Akt to induce intrinsic apoptosis in a hamster
model of oral cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Oct;1830(10):4433-44. [18] Rao AR et al, Effective Inhibition of
Skin Cancer, Tyrosinase, and Antioxidative Properties by Astaxanthin and Astaxanthin Esters from the Green Alga
Haematococcus pluvialis. J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Apr 16.
SIDE EFFECTS [1] Stewart JS et al, Safety assessment of astaxanthin-rich microalgae biomass: Acute and
subchronic toxicity studies in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Sep;46(9):3030-6 [2] Spiller GA et al, Safety of an
astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial. J Med Food. 2003 Spring;6(1):51-
6. [3] Miyawaki H, et al, Effects of astaxanthin on human blood rheology. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008 Sep;43(2):69-74.
[4] Petri D et al, Tissue distribution of astaxanthin in rats following exposure to graded levels in the feed.Comp
Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;145(2):202-9.
microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin. Trends Biotechnol. 2000 Apr;18(4):160-7. [2] Palozza P and Krinsky
NI Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are potent antioxidants in a membrane model. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Sep;
297(2):291-5. [3] Jyonouchi H, Zhang L Tomita Y Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. II. Astaxanthin
enhances in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens without facilitating polyclonal B-cell activation. Nutr
Cancer. 1993;19(3):269-80. [4] Oshima S et al, Inhibitory effect of beta-carotene and astaxanthin on photosensitized
oxidation of phospholipid bilayers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1993 Dec;39(6):607-15. [5] Tanaka T et al,
Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin.
Carcinogenesis. 1994 Jan;15(1):15-9. [6] Tanaka T et al, Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally
occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Cancer Res. 1995 Sep 15;55(18):4059-64. [7] O'Connor I
and O'Brien N Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured
fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci. 1998 Mar;16(3):226-30. [8] Chew BP et al, A comparison of the anticancer activities of
dietary beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo. Anticancer Res. 1999 May-Jun;19(3A):1849-53.
[9] Kang JO et al, Effect of astaxanthin on the hepatotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in the liver
of CCl4-treated rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;23(2):79-84. [10] Uchiyama K et al, Astaxanthin
protects beta-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice. Redox Rep. 2002;7(5):290-3. [11] Aoi W et al,
Astaxanthin limits exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2003 Feb;5
(1):139-44. [12] Iwamoto T et al, Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin. J Atheroscler Thromb.
2000;7(4):216-22. [13] Comhaire FH et al, Combined conventional/antioxidant "Astaxanthin" treatment for male
infertility: a double blind, randomized trial. Asian J Androl. 2005 Sep;7(3):257-62. [14] Anderson ML A preliminary
investigation of the enzymatic inhibition of 5alpha-reduction and growth of prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCap-FGC
by natural astaxanthin and Saw Palmetto lipid extract in vitro. J Herb Pharmacother. 2005;5(1):17-26. [15] Kim JH et
al, Protective effect of astaxanthin on naproxen-induced gastric antral ulceration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 May
2;514(1):53-9. Epub 2005 Apr 20. [16] Hussein G et al, Antihypertensive and neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin
in experimental animals. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Jan;28(1):47-52. [17] Kavitha K, et al, Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways via inactivation of Erk/MAPK and PI3K/Akt to induce intrinsic apoptosis in a hamster
model of oral cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Oct;1830(10):4433-44. [18] Rao AR et al, Effective Inhibition of
Skin Cancer, Tyrosinase, and Antioxidative Properties by Astaxanthin and Astaxanthin Esters from the Green Alga
Haematococcus pluvialis. J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Apr 16.
SIDE EFFECTS [1] Stewart JS et al, Safety assessment of astaxanthin-rich microalgae biomass: Acute and
subchronic toxicity studies in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Sep;46(9):3030-6 [2] Spiller GA et al, Safety of an
astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial. J Med Food. 2003 Spring;6(1):51-
6. [3] Miyawaki H, et al, Effects of astaxanthin on human blood rheology. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008 Sep;43(2):69-74.
[4] Petri D et al, Tissue distribution of astaxanthin in rats following exposure to graded levels in the feed.Comp
Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;145(2):202-9.
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Astaxanthin Review
Astaxanthin, a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment, is a powerful biological antioxidant. Astaxanthin exhibits strong
free radical scavenging activity and protects against lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of LDL-cholesterol, cell
membranes, cells, and tissues. Consequently, astaxanthin has important applications in the Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics,
Food and Feed industries.
For last 2 decades. more than 300 articles and patents have been published regarding astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is a
small Lipid soluble molecule that can cross the blood brain and retina barriers easily. Because of its antioxidant
activities and blood brain/retina permeability, astaxanthin was found to have benefits on various health conditions
including inflammation, diabetics, certain cardiovascular, vision and CNS conditions.
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring molecule and the most abundant carotenoid in the marine world. Astaxanthin can be
found in many of seafood such as salmon, trout, seabream and shrimps. Astaxanthin cannot be synthesized by animals
and must be provided in the diet. The main or richest commercial source for natural astaxanthin is Haematococcus
pluvialis microalgae. Most manufacturers have the advanced biotechnology process to cultivate large amount of
enriched algae cells without the disadvantages of open pond algae systems such as problems associated with
contaminations and salinity. In addition, the Haematococcus microalgae is cultivated in ideal environmental conditions
using the natural sun light as the energy source all year round.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Review / Benefits / Side Effects / Dosage / Cancer / Reference
___________________________________________________________________________________
Astaxanthin, a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment, is a powerful biological antioxidant. Astaxanthin exhibits strong
free radical scavenging activity and protects against lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of LDL-cholesterol, cell
membranes, cells, and tissues. Consequently, astaxanthin has important applications in the Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics,
Food and Feed industries.
For last 2 decades. more than 300 articles and patents have been published regarding astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is a
small Lipid soluble molecule that can cross the blood brain and retina barriers easily. Because of its antioxidant
activities and blood brain/retina permeability, astaxanthin was found to have benefits on various health conditions
including inflammation, diabetics, certain cardiovascular, vision and CNS conditions.
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring molecule and the most abundant carotenoid in the marine world. Astaxanthin can be
found in many of seafood such as salmon, trout, seabream and shrimps. Astaxanthin cannot be synthesized by animals
and must be provided in the diet. The main or richest commercial source for natural astaxanthin is Haematococcus
pluvialis microalgae. Most manufacturers have the advanced biotechnology process to cultivate large amount of
enriched algae cells without the disadvantages of open pond algae systems such as problems associated with
contaminations and salinity. In addition, the Haematococcus microalgae is cultivated in ideal environmental conditions
using the natural sun light as the energy source all year round.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Review / Benefits / Side Effects / Dosage / Cancer / Reference
___________________________________________________________________________________