IMPROVING
CHOLESTEROL PROFILES
WITHOUT TAKING A PILL
INTRODUCTION
Elevated serum cholesterol is clearly associated with a high risk of
heart disease. Most doctors suggest cholesterol levels should stay
under 200 mg/dl or even below 180 mg/dl. Medical laboratories divide
total cholesterol measurement into several components: LDL (bad)
cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol and total serum cholesterol. The
LDL cholesterol is directly linked to heart disease and the HDL
cholesterol is protective.
FOOD YOU SHOULD AVOID- THEY MAY ELEVATE YOUR SERUM
CHOLESTEROL, LDL CHOLESTEROL AND/OR REDUCE YOUR HDL
CHOLESTEROL
Beef, pork, veal, poultry, cheese, butter, egg, ice cream and all other
forms of dairy products not labeled "fat free" contain large amount of
saturated fat [1-3]. Palm and coconut oils contain small amounts of
saturated fat. Overall, they have been reported to elevate cholesterol
[4-14]. In addition, drinking boiled or French press coffee and stress
increases cholesterol levels [15, 16]. Eating sugar may reduce
protective HDL cholesterol [17-18].
People with high cholesterol are commonly advised to reduce their
consumption of dietary cholesterol and saturated fats. However, some
people who significantly reduce intake of animal fats for months but do
not see a reduction in cholesterol levels [19]. Cholesterol-lowering
medications, such as bile acid sequestrants, HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors are often prescribed.
FOOD YOU SHOULD ADD INTO YOUR DIET-THEY MAY LOWER
YOUR SERUM CHOLESTEROL, LDL CHOLESTEROL AND/OR
IMPROVE YOUR HDL CHOLESTEROL
They include yogurt, acidophilus milk, kefir, fiber-beans, oats, psyllium
seed, glucomannan and fruit pectin, flaxseed, soy products, olive oil,
garlic, fish, alcohol (moderate consumption) and nuts such as almonds
and walnuts [20-57, 59, 60]. Exercise including walking and weight
loss can also improve your cholesterol profiles [58, 61-64].
HOME
If you have a high cholesterol level or other health problems, you
should consult doctor immediately for proper treatment. This article
is for your reference only. All rights reserved 2006. zhion inc.
References
1. Kromhout D, Menotti A, Bloemberg B, et al. Dietary saturated and
trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary
heart disease: the Seven Countries Study. Prev Med 1995;24:308-15.
2. Tell GS, Evans GW, Folsom AR, et al. Dietary fat intake and carotid
artery wall thickness: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)
study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:979-89.
3. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes
reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet
1990;336:129-33.
4. Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects of lauric acid and
palmitic acid on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr
1992;56:895-8.
5. Zock PL, de Vries JHM, Katan MB. Impact of myristic acid versus
palmitic acid on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in healthy women
and men. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:567-75.
6. Kumar PD. The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart
disease in Kerala, south India. Trop Doct 1997;27:215-7.
7. Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects lof auric acid and
palmitic acid on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr
1992;56:895-8.
8. Mendis S, Kumarasunderam R. The effect of daily consumption of
coconut fat and soya-bean fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of
young normolipidaemic men. Br J Nutr 1990;63:547-52.
9. Thorogood M, Carter R, Benfield L, et al. Plasma lipids and
lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in people with different diets in
Britain. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;295:351-3.
10. Burr ML, Sweetnam PM. Vegetarianism, dietary fiber and mortality.
Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36:873-7.
11. Resnicow K, Barone J, Engle A, et al. Diet and serum lipids in vegan
vegetarians: a model for risk reduction. J Am Dietet Assoc
1991;91:447-53.
12. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes
reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet
1990;336:129-33.
13. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle
changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7.
14. Connor SL, Connor WE. The importance of dietary cholesterol in
coronary heart disease. Prev Med 1983;12:115-23 [review].
15. Urgert R, Schulz AG, Katan MB. Effects of cafestol and kahweol from
coffee grounds on serum lipids and serum liver enzymes in humans.
Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:149-54.
16. McCann BS, Warnick R, Knopp RH. Changes in plasma lipids and
dietary intake accompanying shifts in perceived workload and stress.
Psychosomatic Med 1990;52:97-108.
17. Yudkin J, Kang SS, Bruckdorfer KR. Effects of high dietary sugar. Br
Med J 1980;281:1396.
18. Reiser S. Effect of dietary sugars on metabolic risk factors
associated with heart disease. Nutr Health 1985;3:203-16.
19. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. A very-low-fat
diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a
predominance of large, low-density lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr
1999;69:411-8.
20. Hepner G, Fried R, St Jeor S, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of
yogurt and milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;19-24.
21. Agerholm-Larsen L, Raben A, Haulrik N, et al. Effect of 8 week
intake of probiotic milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:288-97
.
22. Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Batlouni M. Evaluation of the effects of a
new fermented milk product (Gaio) on primary hypercholesterolemia.
Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:97-101.
23. Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt)
containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in
hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:43-50.
24. Schaafsma G, Meuling WJ, van Dokkum W, Bouley C. Effects of a
milk product, fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with
fructo-oligosaccharides added, on blood lipids in male volunteers. Eur J
Clin Nutr 1998;52:436-40.
25. Agerbaek M, Gerdes LU, Richelsen B. Hypocholesterolaemic effect
of a new fermented milk product in healthy middle-aged men. Eur J Clin
Nutr 1995;49:346-52.
26. Richelsen B, Kristensen K, Pedersen SB. Long-term (6 months)
effect of a new fermented milk product on the level of plasma
lipoproteins-a placebo-controlled and double blind study. Eur J Clin
Nutr 1996;50:811-5.
27. Anderson JW, Chen WJL. Legumes and their soluble fiber: effect on
cholesterol-rich lipoproteins. In: Furda I, ed. Unconventional Sources of
Dietary Fiber. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1983.
28. Ripsin CM, Keenan JM, Jacobs DR, et al. Oat products and lipid
lowering—a meta-analysis. JAMA 1992;267:3317-25.
29. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, et al. Cholesterol-lowering
effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women
with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J
Clin Nutr 2000;71:472-9.
30. Miettinen TA, Tarpila S. Effect of pectin on serum cholesterol, fecal
bile acids and biliary lipids in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic
individuals. Clin Chim Acta 1977;79:471–7.
31. Glore SR, Van Treeck D, Knehans AW, Guild M. Soluble fiber and
serum lipids: a literature review. J Am Dietet Assoc 1994;94:425-36.
32. Romero AL, Romero JE, Galaviz S, Fernandez ML. Cookies enriched
with psyllium or oat bran lower plasma LDL cholesterol in normal and
hypercholesterolemic men from Northern Mexico. J Am Coll Nutr
1998;17:601-8.
33. Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein R, Watkins TR. Reducing atherogenic
risk in hyperlipemic humans with flaxseed supplementation: a
preliminary report. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:501-4.
34. Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, et al. High alpha-linolenic acid
flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans.
Br J Nutr 1993;69:443-53.
35. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the
effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med
1995;3333:276-82.
36. Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L, et al. Double-blind study of the
addition of high-protein soya milk v. cows’ milk to the diet of
patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia and resistance to or
intolerance of statins. Br J Nutr 1999;82:91-6.
37. Teixeira SR, Potter SM, Weigel R, et al. Effects of feeding 4 levels of
soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in
moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1077-84.
38. Baum JA, Teng H, Erdman JW Jr, et al. Long-term intake of soy
protein improves blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell
low-density-lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA in
hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr
1998;68:545-51.
39. Crouse JR 3rd, Morgan T, Terry JG, et al. A randomized trial
comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing
varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and
lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2070-6.
40. Baggio G, Pagnan A, Muraca M, et al. Olive-oil-enriched diet: effect
on serum lipoprotein levels and biliary cholesterol saturation. Am J Clin
Nutr 1988;47:960-4.
41. Kris-Etherton PM, Pearson TA, Wan Y, et al. High-monounsaturated
fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol
concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1009-15.
42. Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SL. Effect of garlic on total serum
cholesterol—a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med
1993;119:599-605.
43. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Frequent nut consumption
and risk of coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort
study. BMJ 1998;317:1341-5.
44. Fraser GE, Sabaté J, Beeson WL, Strahan TM. A possible
protective effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease.
Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1416-24.
45. Abbey M, Noakes M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Partial replacement of
saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma
cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr
1994;59:995-9.
46. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart
disease: a review of epidemiologic evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep
1999;1:204-9.
47. Spiller GA, Jenkins DA, Bosello O, et al. Nuts and plasma lipids: an
almond-based diet lowers LDL-C while preserving HDL-C. J Am Coll
Nutr 1998;17:285-90.
48. Spiller GA, Jenkins DJ, Cragen LN, et al. Effect of a diet high in
monounsaturated fat from almonds on plasma cholesterol and
lipoproteins. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:126-30.
49. Sabaté J, Fraser GE, Burke K, et al. Effects of walnuts on serum
lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med
1993;328:603-7.
50. Zambon D, Campero B, Perez-Heras A, et al. Effects of walnuts on
the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: the Barcelona
Walnut Trial. FASEB J 1998;12:A506 [abstract].
51. Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, et al. Substituting walnuts for
monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of
hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial.
Ann Intern Med 2000;132:538-46.
52. Colquhoun D, Moores D, Humphries J, Somerset S. Comparison of a
high monounsaturated fatty acid diet (enriched with macadamia nut)
and a high carbohydrate diet on blood lipids [abstract]. Proceedings of
the 59th European Atherosclerosis Congress. Nice, France: May 1992,
17-21.
53. Curb JD, Wergowski G, Abbott RD, et al. High mono-unsaturated fat
macadamia nut diets: effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins. FASEB J
1998;12:A506 [abstract].
54. Fraser GE. Nut consumption, lipids, and risk of a coronary event.
Clin Cardiol 1999;22(7 Suppl):III11-5 [review].
55. Curb JD, Wergowske G, Dobbs JC, et al. Serum lipid effects of a
high-monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts. Arch Intern
Med 2000;160:1154-8.
56. Durak I, Köksal I, Kaçmaz M, et al. Hazelnut supplementation
enhances plasma antioxidant potential and lowers plasma cholesterol
levels. Clin Chim Actia 1999;284:113-5 [letter].
57. Edwards K, Kwaw I, Matud J, Kurtz I. Effect of pistachio nuts on
serum lipid levels in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J
Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:229-32.
58. Tran ZV, Weltman A. Differential effects of exercise on serum lipid
and lipoprotein levels seen with changes in body weight: a
meta-analysis. JAMA 1985;254:919-24.
59. Santos MJ, Lopez-Jurado M, Llopis J, et al. Influence of dietary
supplementation with fish on plasma total cholesterol and lipoprotein
cholesterol fractions in patients with coronary heart disease. J Nutr
Med 1992;3:107-15.
60. Dai WS, Laporte RE, Hom DL, et al. Alcohol consumption and high
density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among alcoholics. Am J
Epidemiol 1985;122:620-7.
61. Reaven PD, McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor EL, Criqui MH. Leisure
time exercise and lipid and lipoprotein levels in an older population. J
Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:847-54.
62. Duncan JJ, Gordon NF, Scott CB. Women walking for health and
fitness—how much is enough? JAMA 1991;266:3295-9.
63. Di Buono M, Hannah JS, Katzel LI, Jones PJH. Weight loss due to
energy restriction suppresses cholesterol bioshynthesis in overweight,
mildly hypercholesterolemic men. J Nutr 1999;129:1545-8.
64. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon DM, et al. Changes in plasma lipids
and lipoproteins in overweight
CHOLESTEROL PROFILES
WITHOUT TAKING A PILL
INTRODUCTION
Elevated serum cholesterol is clearly associated with a high risk of
heart disease. Most doctors suggest cholesterol levels should stay
under 200 mg/dl or even below 180 mg/dl. Medical laboratories divide
total cholesterol measurement into several components: LDL (bad)
cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol and total serum cholesterol. The
LDL cholesterol is directly linked to heart disease and the HDL
cholesterol is protective.
FOOD YOU SHOULD AVOID- THEY MAY ELEVATE YOUR SERUM
CHOLESTEROL, LDL CHOLESTEROL AND/OR REDUCE YOUR HDL
CHOLESTEROL
Beef, pork, veal, poultry, cheese, butter, egg, ice cream and all other
forms of dairy products not labeled "fat free" contain large amount of
saturated fat [1-3]. Palm and coconut oils contain small amounts of
saturated fat. Overall, they have been reported to elevate cholesterol
[4-14]. In addition, drinking boiled or French press coffee and stress
increases cholesterol levels [15, 16]. Eating sugar may reduce
protective HDL cholesterol [17-18].
People with high cholesterol are commonly advised to reduce their
consumption of dietary cholesterol and saturated fats. However, some
people who significantly reduce intake of animal fats for months but do
not see a reduction in cholesterol levels [19]. Cholesterol-lowering
medications, such as bile acid sequestrants, HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors are often prescribed.
FOOD YOU SHOULD ADD INTO YOUR DIET-THEY MAY LOWER
YOUR SERUM CHOLESTEROL, LDL CHOLESTEROL AND/OR
IMPROVE YOUR HDL CHOLESTEROL
They include yogurt, acidophilus milk, kefir, fiber-beans, oats, psyllium
seed, glucomannan and fruit pectin, flaxseed, soy products, olive oil,
garlic, fish, alcohol (moderate consumption) and nuts such as almonds
and walnuts [20-57, 59, 60]. Exercise including walking and weight
loss can also improve your cholesterol profiles [58, 61-64].
HOME
If you have a high cholesterol level or other health problems, you
should consult doctor immediately for proper treatment. This article
is for your reference only. All rights reserved 2006. zhion inc.
References
1. Kromhout D, Menotti A, Bloemberg B, et al. Dietary saturated and
trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary
heart disease: the Seven Countries Study. Prev Med 1995;24:308-15.
2. Tell GS, Evans GW, Folsom AR, et al. Dietary fat intake and carotid
artery wall thickness: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)
study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:979-89.
3. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes
reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet
1990;336:129-33.
4. Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects of lauric acid and
palmitic acid on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr
1992;56:895-8.
5. Zock PL, de Vries JHM, Katan MB. Impact of myristic acid versus
palmitic acid on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in healthy women
and men. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:567-75.
6. Kumar PD. The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart
disease in Kerala, south India. Trop Doct 1997;27:215-7.
7. Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects lof auric acid and
palmitic acid on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr
1992;56:895-8.
8. Mendis S, Kumarasunderam R. The effect of daily consumption of
coconut fat and soya-bean fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of
young normolipidaemic men. Br J Nutr 1990;63:547-52.
9. Thorogood M, Carter R, Benfield L, et al. Plasma lipids and
lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in people with different diets in
Britain. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;295:351-3.
10. Burr ML, Sweetnam PM. Vegetarianism, dietary fiber and mortality.
Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36:873-7.
11. Resnicow K, Barone J, Engle A, et al. Diet and serum lipids in vegan
vegetarians: a model for risk reduction. J Am Dietet Assoc
1991;91:447-53.
12. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes
reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet
1990;336:129-33.
13. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle
changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7.
14. Connor SL, Connor WE. The importance of dietary cholesterol in
coronary heart disease. Prev Med 1983;12:115-23 [review].
15. Urgert R, Schulz AG, Katan MB. Effects of cafestol and kahweol from
coffee grounds on serum lipids and serum liver enzymes in humans.
Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:149-54.
16. McCann BS, Warnick R, Knopp RH. Changes in plasma lipids and
dietary intake accompanying shifts in perceived workload and stress.
Psychosomatic Med 1990;52:97-108.
17. Yudkin J, Kang SS, Bruckdorfer KR. Effects of high dietary sugar. Br
Med J 1980;281:1396.
18. Reiser S. Effect of dietary sugars on metabolic risk factors
associated with heart disease. Nutr Health 1985;3:203-16.
19. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. A very-low-fat
diet is not associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a
predominance of large, low-density lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr
1999;69:411-8.
20. Hepner G, Fried R, St Jeor S, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of
yogurt and milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;19-24.
21. Agerholm-Larsen L, Raben A, Haulrik N, et al. Effect of 8 week
intake of probiotic milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:288-97
.
22. Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Batlouni M. Evaluation of the effects of a
new fermented milk product (Gaio) on primary hypercholesterolemia.
Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:97-101.
23. Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt)
containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in
hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:43-50.
24. Schaafsma G, Meuling WJ, van Dokkum W, Bouley C. Effects of a
milk product, fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with
fructo-oligosaccharides added, on blood lipids in male volunteers. Eur J
Clin Nutr 1998;52:436-40.
25. Agerbaek M, Gerdes LU, Richelsen B. Hypocholesterolaemic effect
of a new fermented milk product in healthy middle-aged men. Eur J Clin
Nutr 1995;49:346-52.
26. Richelsen B, Kristensen K, Pedersen SB. Long-term (6 months)
effect of a new fermented milk product on the level of plasma
lipoproteins-a placebo-controlled and double blind study. Eur J Clin
Nutr 1996;50:811-5.
27. Anderson JW, Chen WJL. Legumes and their soluble fiber: effect on
cholesterol-rich lipoproteins. In: Furda I, ed. Unconventional Sources of
Dietary Fiber. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1983.
28. Ripsin CM, Keenan JM, Jacobs DR, et al. Oat products and lipid
lowering—a meta-analysis. JAMA 1992;267:3317-25.
29. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, et al. Cholesterol-lowering
effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women
with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J
Clin Nutr 2000;71:472-9.
30. Miettinen TA, Tarpila S. Effect of pectin on serum cholesterol, fecal
bile acids and biliary lipids in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic
individuals. Clin Chim Acta 1977;79:471–7.
31. Glore SR, Van Treeck D, Knehans AW, Guild M. Soluble fiber and
serum lipids: a literature review. J Am Dietet Assoc 1994;94:425-36.
32. Romero AL, Romero JE, Galaviz S, Fernandez ML. Cookies enriched
with psyllium or oat bran lower plasma LDL cholesterol in normal and
hypercholesterolemic men from Northern Mexico. J Am Coll Nutr
1998;17:601-8.
33. Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein R, Watkins TR. Reducing atherogenic
risk in hyperlipemic humans with flaxseed supplementation: a
preliminary report. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:501-4.
34. Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, et al. High alpha-linolenic acid
flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans.
Br J Nutr 1993;69:443-53.
35. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the
effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med
1995;3333:276-82.
36. Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L, et al. Double-blind study of the
addition of high-protein soya milk v. cows’ milk to the diet of
patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia and resistance to or
intolerance of statins. Br J Nutr 1999;82:91-6.
37. Teixeira SR, Potter SM, Weigel R, et al. Effects of feeding 4 levels of
soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in
moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1077-84.
38. Baum JA, Teng H, Erdman JW Jr, et al. Long-term intake of soy
protein improves blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell
low-density-lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA in
hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr
1998;68:545-51.
39. Crouse JR 3rd, Morgan T, Terry JG, et al. A randomized trial
comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing
varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and
lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2070-6.
40. Baggio G, Pagnan A, Muraca M, et al. Olive-oil-enriched diet: effect
on serum lipoprotein levels and biliary cholesterol saturation. Am J Clin
Nutr 1988;47:960-4.
41. Kris-Etherton PM, Pearson TA, Wan Y, et al. High-monounsaturated
fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol
concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1009-15.
42. Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SL. Effect of garlic on total serum
cholesterol—a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med
1993;119:599-605.
43. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Frequent nut consumption
and risk of coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort
study. BMJ 1998;317:1341-5.
44. Fraser GE, Sabaté J, Beeson WL, Strahan TM. A possible
protective effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease.
Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1416-24.
45. Abbey M, Noakes M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Partial replacement of
saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma
cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr
1994;59:995-9.
46. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart
disease: a review of epidemiologic evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep
1999;1:204-9.
47. Spiller GA, Jenkins DA, Bosello O, et al. Nuts and plasma lipids: an
almond-based diet lowers LDL-C while preserving HDL-C. J Am Coll
Nutr 1998;17:285-90.
48. Spiller GA, Jenkins DJ, Cragen LN, et al. Effect of a diet high in
monounsaturated fat from almonds on plasma cholesterol and
lipoproteins. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:126-30.
49. Sabaté J, Fraser GE, Burke K, et al. Effects of walnuts on serum
lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med
1993;328:603-7.
50. Zambon D, Campero B, Perez-Heras A, et al. Effects of walnuts on
the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: the Barcelona
Walnut Trial. FASEB J 1998;12:A506 [abstract].
51. Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, et al. Substituting walnuts for
monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of
hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial.
Ann Intern Med 2000;132:538-46.
52. Colquhoun D, Moores D, Humphries J, Somerset S. Comparison of a
high monounsaturated fatty acid diet (enriched with macadamia nut)
and a high carbohydrate diet on blood lipids [abstract]. Proceedings of
the 59th European Atherosclerosis Congress. Nice, France: May 1992,
17-21.
53. Curb JD, Wergowski G, Abbott RD, et al. High mono-unsaturated fat
macadamia nut diets: effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins. FASEB J
1998;12:A506 [abstract].
54. Fraser GE. Nut consumption, lipids, and risk of a coronary event.
Clin Cardiol 1999;22(7 Suppl):III11-5 [review].
55. Curb JD, Wergowske G, Dobbs JC, et al. Serum lipid effects of a
high-monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts. Arch Intern
Med 2000;160:1154-8.
56. Durak I, Köksal I, Kaçmaz M, et al. Hazelnut supplementation
enhances plasma antioxidant potential and lowers plasma cholesterol
levels. Clin Chim Actia 1999;284:113-5 [letter].
57. Edwards K, Kwaw I, Matud J, Kurtz I. Effect of pistachio nuts on
serum lipid levels in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J
Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:229-32.
58. Tran ZV, Weltman A. Differential effects of exercise on serum lipid
and lipoprotein levels seen with changes in body weight: a
meta-analysis. JAMA 1985;254:919-24.
59. Santos MJ, Lopez-Jurado M, Llopis J, et al. Influence of dietary
supplementation with fish on plasma total cholesterol and lipoprotein
cholesterol fractions in patients with coronary heart disease. J Nutr
Med 1992;3:107-15.
60. Dai WS, Laporte RE, Hom DL, et al. Alcohol consumption and high
density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among alcoholics. Am J
Epidemiol 1985;122:620-7.
61. Reaven PD, McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor EL, Criqui MH. Leisure
time exercise and lipid and lipoprotein levels in an older population. J
Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:847-54.
62. Duncan JJ, Gordon NF, Scott CB. Women walking for health and
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