Policosanol Side Effects
Safety, Benefits, sugar cane, Research study,
Safety, Benefits, sugar cane, Research study,
WHAT IS POLICOSANOL?
Policosanol is a mixture of primary aliphatic alcohols-tetracosanol, hexacosanol, heptacosanol,
octacosanol, nonacosanol, triacontanol, dotriacontanol and tetratriacontanol [Patent 5663156]. The
manufacturing method for policosanol include ethanol extraction and purification. Its melting point is
70-82C. Policosanol is insoluble in water. Most clinical trials suggest policosanol may decrease
cholesterol levels. Policosanol may help prevent atherosclerotic lesions and cerebral ischemia in
Mongolian gerbils.[1]
HOW DID THE RESEARCHERS FIND OUT THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF POLICOSANOL ON
CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING?
In 1984, a study demonstrated that sugar cane wax could lower lipid in rats and mice.[2,3] Later,
another study demonstrated that octacosanol (a policosanol) could lower triglyceride and
cholesterol contents in the liver.[4] In 1987, another study demonstrated that high doses of
hexacosanol (another policosanol) had cholesterol lowering effects. [5]
In 1994, Cuban researchers reported that policosanol inhibited the cholesterol synthesis at early
steps of cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in a study of human lung fibroblasts. They also found that
policosanol lowered the total cholesterol mainly through a decrease in LDL-C levels in a study of
rabbits. They filed the first patent on the policosanol composition.[6-8]
In 1996, the Cuban researchers reported that oral administration of policosanol could inhibit hepatic
cholesterol biosynthesis in rats.[9] In 1998, a group filed a patent on a composition containing
policosanol to reduce serum cholesterol levels.[10]
Policosanol reduces cholesterol levels in patients suffered from type II hypercholesterolaemia. [13]
HOW DOES POLICOSANOL REDUCE THE CHOLESTEROL LEVELS?
In 2001, the Cuban researchers transferred fibroblast to a lipid-depleted medium to accelerate
cholesterol sysnthesis. They found, addition of policosanol could retard the cholesterol synthesis in
a dose-dependent manner. [11]
HOW DOES POLICOSANOL WORK WITH OR COMBINED WITH OTHER
CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING AGENTS?
McCarty MF combined policosanol and ezetimibe to reduce LDL cholesterol by about 40%. [12]
Policosanol intensifies the cholesterol-lowering effect and platelet aggregation of omega-3 fatty
acids in rabbits. [15]
Compared to statins, policosanol exhibits comparable cholesterol-lowering effects and it is well
tolerated in animals. Researchers demonstrated that policosanol (10 mg/day) was even slightly
more effective than lovastatin (20 mg/day) in reducing the LDL-C/HDL-C and total cholesterol/HDL-C
ratios, in increasing HDL-C levels and in preventing LDL oxidation. Nikitin IuP et al concluded that
the hypolipidemic effect of policosanol in a daily dose of 10 mg is superior to that of besafibrate in a
daily dose of 400 mg from their study of 113 patients with hypercholesterolemia.
BESIDES LOWERING CHOLESTEROL-LEVELS, WHAT OTHER POTENTIAL BENEFITS DOES
PILOCOSANOL HAVE?
[1] INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION Policosanol may have benefits on reducing the symptoms of
intermittent claudication. [16] In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 31 patients, policosanol
was shown to be effective on intermittent claudication. [17] In another study, policosanol was
shown to be as effective as ticlopidinefor improving walking distances patients suffered from
intermittent claudication. [18] Policosanol may also has a better benefits on patients suffered from
with intermittent claudication than lovastatin. [19]
[2] CADIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS Policosanol inhibits platelet aggregation in rats after 4 weeks
treatment. [20] Policosanol administered at 20 mg/day for 7 days significantly inhibited platelet
aggregation. The low dose of policosanol (5 mg/day) was ineffective. No adverse-effects were
reported in treated or placebo groups. [21]Policosanol combined with aspirin reduced platelet
aggregation significantly in study of healthy subjects. [22] Policosanol together with aspirin
significantly protected Mongolian gerbils from cerebral ischemia. [23]
Policosanol inhibited lipid peroxidation in experimental models and human beings. [24]
Policosanol has a protective effect on atherosclerotic lesions in a study of 54 Wistar rats. [25]
Policosanol increases in the oxidative capacity in the muscle of exercise-trained rats. [26]
Policosanol combined beta-blockers provided additional benefits on blood pressure lowering in
elderly with high cholesterol levels. [27]
Policosanol delayed the onset of infarction or myocardial necrosis induced by isoprenaline in animal
studies. [28]
Policosanol reduced the thrombus weight in rats. [29]
Policosanol elevated the weight of thymus, improved biomechanical properties of the femur in rats.
[30]
Policosanol prevented bone loss in postmenopausal women. [31]
POLICOSANOL SIDE, TOXIC EFFECTS AND SAFETY ISSUES
In most cases, policosanol side effects were not observed. However, one study indicated that
policosanol produced adverse effects in 0.31% of the population and the adverse effects included
weight loss, excessive urination and insomina. Policosanol side effect and safety issue from various
studies are summarized as follows:
Animal [Non-human] Studies
Policosanol was safe in the animal studies. Basically, policosanol was well-tolerated and accepted
with no toxic symptoms (including signs of cancer) to animals such as mice, rats, dogs and
monkeys. The study periods afre from 12 months to 54 months. [A1-5] Toxic nor side effects related
to reproduction were not found, after administration fromf 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout
mating and pregnancy to day 21 of lactation. [A6]
Human Studies
HEALTHY HUMAN SUBJECT Researchers applied single doses (5-50 mg) to healthy volunteers.
Policosanol administered at 20 mg/day for 7 days significantly inhibited platelet aggregation. No
toxic nor side effects were observed. .[32]
Long-term tolerability of policosanol in 2252 elderly patients at high vascular risk was found to be
acceptable. No serious toxic nor side effects were reported.
Policosanol is well tolerated and safe in a study of 4596 patients. No serious adverse nor side
effects were reported. [33]
In a two-year study on the efficacy and tolerability (i.e.safety), researchers supplied 5 mg of
policosanol twice-a-day to 69 patients suffered from type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. They found
reduction in LDL-C and cholesterol, no drug-related clinical or biochemcial adverse effects but mild,
transient adverse experiences. [34]
Nikitin IuP et al, compared efficacy and tolerance of polycosanol vs besafibrate in 113 patients with
hypercholesterolemia. 59 patients received polycosanol (10 mg/day), 54 patients were given
besafibrate (400 mg/day) for 8 weeks. After 8-week course of treatment, daily 10 mg of policosanol
is more effective on cholesterol-lowering. And, the adverse effects in the group taking policosanol
were mild. [35]
Policosanol combined with ezetimibe could reduce LDL cholesterol without adverse effects. [36]
Policosanol adverse or side-effects may include skin rash, headache, insomnia and gastrointestinal
disturbances. [C1] A long term study reported that policosanol produced adverse effects in 0.31%
of the population and the side effects included weight loss, excessive urination and insomina. [C2]
Policosanol can affect platelet aggregation. [C3-C5]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPARISON
Policosanol is more effective than plant sterols and stanols for LDL level reduction in a study of 4596
patients. Plant sterols, stanols and policosanol are well tolerated and safe. [37]
Compared with statins, policosanols exhibit comparable cholesterol-lowering effects at much smaller
doses. [38]
Policosanol was more effective than lovastatin in reducing cholesterol levels.in a study of patients
with dyslipidemia secondary to type 2 diabetes. [39]
Policosanol was found to be more effective than Octa-60 (higher aliphatic primary alcohols) in a
study of 110 patients with with type II hypercholesterolemia. [40]
COMBO EFFECT ON CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
Policosanol combined with ezetimibe reduced LDL cholesterol by about 40%. [41]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOSE LIMITATION OF POLICOSANOL
Policosanol at a dose of 40 mg/day does not offer significant additional cholesterol-lowering efficacy
over the 20 mg/day dose in a 6-month study. [42]
SOURCE OF POLICOSANOL
Policosanol Sources include sugarcane, beewax, wheat germ and alfalfa.
Wheat germ policosanol failed to lower cholesterol levels in 58 with normal to mildly elevated
plasma cholesterol concentrations. [43]
Researchers at Oklahoma State University found that wheat varieties grown under identical
conditions differed significantly in policosanol content and composition. The policosanol content of
wheat bran was higher than that of the germ, shorts and flour. The Trego and Intrada varieties had
the highest policosanol components in all varieties studied. Tetracosanol, hexacosanol and
octacosanol were the major policosanol components in all varieties. [44]
Is Policosanol effective to treat HIGH CHOLESTEROL?
http://zhion.com/blog11/?p=99
Policosanol is a mixture of primary aliphatic alcohols-tetracosanol, hexacosanol, heptacosanol,
octacosanol, nonacosanol, triacontanol, dotriacontanol and tetratriacontanol [Patent 5663156]. The
manufacturing method for policosanol include ethanol extraction and purification. Its melting point is
70-82C. Policosanol is insoluble in water. Most clinical trials suggest policosanol may decrease
cholesterol levels. Policosanol may help prevent atherosclerotic lesions and cerebral ischemia in
Mongolian gerbils.[1]
HOW DID THE RESEARCHERS FIND OUT THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF POLICOSANOL ON
CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING?
In 1984, a study demonstrated that sugar cane wax could lower lipid in rats and mice.[2,3] Later,
another study demonstrated that octacosanol (a policosanol) could lower triglyceride and
cholesterol contents in the liver.[4] In 1987, another study demonstrated that high doses of
hexacosanol (another policosanol) had cholesterol lowering effects. [5]
In 1994, Cuban researchers reported that policosanol inhibited the cholesterol synthesis at early
steps of cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in a study of human lung fibroblasts. They also found that
policosanol lowered the total cholesterol mainly through a decrease in LDL-C levels in a study of
rabbits. They filed the first patent on the policosanol composition.[6-8]
In 1996, the Cuban researchers reported that oral administration of policosanol could inhibit hepatic
cholesterol biosynthesis in rats.[9] In 1998, a group filed a patent on a composition containing
policosanol to reduce serum cholesterol levels.[10]
Policosanol reduces cholesterol levels in patients suffered from type II hypercholesterolaemia. [13]
HOW DOES POLICOSANOL REDUCE THE CHOLESTEROL LEVELS?
In 2001, the Cuban researchers transferred fibroblast to a lipid-depleted medium to accelerate
cholesterol sysnthesis. They found, addition of policosanol could retard the cholesterol synthesis in
a dose-dependent manner. [11]
HOW DOES POLICOSANOL WORK WITH OR COMBINED WITH OTHER
CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING AGENTS?
McCarty MF combined policosanol and ezetimibe to reduce LDL cholesterol by about 40%. [12]
Policosanol intensifies the cholesterol-lowering effect and platelet aggregation of omega-3 fatty
acids in rabbits. [15]
Compared to statins, policosanol exhibits comparable cholesterol-lowering effects and it is well
tolerated in animals. Researchers demonstrated that policosanol (10 mg/day) was even slightly
more effective than lovastatin (20 mg/day) in reducing the LDL-C/HDL-C and total cholesterol/HDL-C
ratios, in increasing HDL-C levels and in preventing LDL oxidation. Nikitin IuP et al concluded that
the hypolipidemic effect of policosanol in a daily dose of 10 mg is superior to that of besafibrate in a
daily dose of 400 mg from their study of 113 patients with hypercholesterolemia.
BESIDES LOWERING CHOLESTEROL-LEVELS, WHAT OTHER POTENTIAL BENEFITS DOES
PILOCOSANOL HAVE?
[1] INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION Policosanol may have benefits on reducing the symptoms of
intermittent claudication. [16] In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 31 patients, policosanol
was shown to be effective on intermittent claudication. [17] In another study, policosanol was
shown to be as effective as ticlopidinefor improving walking distances patients suffered from
intermittent claudication. [18] Policosanol may also has a better benefits on patients suffered from
with intermittent claudication than lovastatin. [19]
[2] CADIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS Policosanol inhibits platelet aggregation in rats after 4 weeks
treatment. [20] Policosanol administered at 20 mg/day for 7 days significantly inhibited platelet
aggregation. The low dose of policosanol (5 mg/day) was ineffective. No adverse-effects were
reported in treated or placebo groups. [21]Policosanol combined with aspirin reduced platelet
aggregation significantly in study of healthy subjects. [22] Policosanol together with aspirin
significantly protected Mongolian gerbils from cerebral ischemia. [23]
Policosanol inhibited lipid peroxidation in experimental models and human beings. [24]
Policosanol has a protective effect on atherosclerotic lesions in a study of 54 Wistar rats. [25]
Policosanol increases in the oxidative capacity in the muscle of exercise-trained rats. [26]
Policosanol combined beta-blockers provided additional benefits on blood pressure lowering in
elderly with high cholesterol levels. [27]
Policosanol delayed the onset of infarction or myocardial necrosis induced by isoprenaline in animal
studies. [28]
Policosanol reduced the thrombus weight in rats. [29]
Policosanol elevated the weight of thymus, improved biomechanical properties of the femur in rats.
[30]
Policosanol prevented bone loss in postmenopausal women. [31]
POLICOSANOL SIDE, TOXIC EFFECTS AND SAFETY ISSUES
In most cases, policosanol side effects were not observed. However, one study indicated that
policosanol produced adverse effects in 0.31% of the population and the adverse effects included
weight loss, excessive urination and insomina. Policosanol side effect and safety issue from various
studies are summarized as follows:
Animal [Non-human] Studies
Policosanol was safe in the animal studies. Basically, policosanol was well-tolerated and accepted
with no toxic symptoms (including signs of cancer) to animals such as mice, rats, dogs and
monkeys. The study periods afre from 12 months to 54 months. [A1-5] Toxic nor side effects related
to reproduction were not found, after administration fromf 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout
mating and pregnancy to day 21 of lactation. [A6]
Human Studies
HEALTHY HUMAN SUBJECT Researchers applied single doses (5-50 mg) to healthy volunteers.
Policosanol administered at 20 mg/day for 7 days significantly inhibited platelet aggregation. No
toxic nor side effects were observed. .[32]
Long-term tolerability of policosanol in 2252 elderly patients at high vascular risk was found to be
acceptable. No serious toxic nor side effects were reported.
Policosanol is well tolerated and safe in a study of 4596 patients. No serious adverse nor side
effects were reported. [33]
In a two-year study on the efficacy and tolerability (i.e.safety), researchers supplied 5 mg of
policosanol twice-a-day to 69 patients suffered from type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. They found
reduction in LDL-C and cholesterol, no drug-related clinical or biochemcial adverse effects but mild,
transient adverse experiences. [34]
Nikitin IuP et al, compared efficacy and tolerance of polycosanol vs besafibrate in 113 patients with
hypercholesterolemia. 59 patients received polycosanol (10 mg/day), 54 patients were given
besafibrate (400 mg/day) for 8 weeks. After 8-week course of treatment, daily 10 mg of policosanol
is more effective on cholesterol-lowering. And, the adverse effects in the group taking policosanol
were mild. [35]
Policosanol combined with ezetimibe could reduce LDL cholesterol without adverse effects. [36]
Policosanol adverse or side-effects may include skin rash, headache, insomnia and gastrointestinal
disturbances. [C1] A long term study reported that policosanol produced adverse effects in 0.31%
of the population and the side effects included weight loss, excessive urination and insomina. [C2]
Policosanol can affect platelet aggregation. [C3-C5]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPARISON
Policosanol is more effective than plant sterols and stanols for LDL level reduction in a study of 4596
patients. Plant sterols, stanols and policosanol are well tolerated and safe. [37]
Compared with statins, policosanols exhibit comparable cholesterol-lowering effects at much smaller
doses. [38]
Policosanol was more effective than lovastatin in reducing cholesterol levels.in a study of patients
with dyslipidemia secondary to type 2 diabetes. [39]
Policosanol was found to be more effective than Octa-60 (higher aliphatic primary alcohols) in a
study of 110 patients with with type II hypercholesterolemia. [40]
COMBO EFFECT ON CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
Policosanol combined with ezetimibe reduced LDL cholesterol by about 40%. [41]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOSE LIMITATION OF POLICOSANOL
Policosanol at a dose of 40 mg/day does not offer significant additional cholesterol-lowering efficacy
over the 20 mg/day dose in a 6-month study. [42]
SOURCE OF POLICOSANOL
Policosanol Sources include sugarcane, beewax, wheat germ and alfalfa.
Wheat germ policosanol failed to lower cholesterol levels in 58 with normal to mildly elevated
plasma cholesterol concentrations. [43]
Researchers at Oklahoma State University found that wheat varieties grown under identical
conditions differed significantly in policosanol content and composition. The policosanol content of
wheat bran was higher than that of the germ, shorts and flour. The Trego and Intrada varieties had
the highest policosanol components in all varieties studied. Tetracosanol, hexacosanol and
octacosanol were the major policosanol components in all varieties. [44]
Is Policosanol effective to treat HIGH CHOLESTEROL?
http://zhion.com/blog11/?p=99
| Policosanol may have benefits for High Cholesterol, Intermittent Claudication, Parkinson's Disease and Performance Enhancement, research finds. |
REFERENCE
. A [1. Aleman CL, et al Carcinogenicity of policosanol in mice: an 18-month study. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995 Jul;33(7):573-8. 2.
Aleman CL, Carcinogenicity of policosanol in Sprague Dawley rats: a 24 month study. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen.
1994;14(5):239-49. 3. A 12-month study of policosanol oral toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Jan;70(1):77-87.4.
Mesa AR et al, Toxicity of policosanol in beagle dogs: one-year study. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Aug;73(2):81-90. 5. Rodriguez-Echenique
C, Effects of policosanol chronically administered in male monkeys (Macaca arctoides). Food Chem Toxicol. 1994
Jun;32(6):565-75. 6 Rodriguez MD et al, Teratogenic and reproductive studies of policosanol in the rat and rabbit. Teratog Carcinog
Mutagen. 1994;14(3):107-13.] [1]Fraga V et al, Arch Med Res. 1997 Autumn; 28 (3): 355-60].[2]Fukuda, Effect of sugar cane wax on
serum liver lipids on rats; Chemical Abstracts, 106, 17, 137413p and[3] Sho H. et al, Effects of Okinawan sugar cane wax and fatty
alcohols on serum and liver lipids in the rates, J. Nutri. Vitaminol 30 (6) 553-559.[4]Shimura S. et al, Studies on the effect of
octacosanol on the motor endurance in mice; Nutrition Reports Int. 198736, 1029-1038.[5]Hagiwara Y. Antilipaemic agents
containing hexacosanol used to treat hypertension, arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, heart disease and obesity 1987. JP A 62
099323.[6] Mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols, its obtention from sugar cane wax and its pharmaceutical uses, patent#
5663156. Patent # 5856316 [7]Biol Res. 1994;27(3-4):199-203] [8]Arruzazabala ML et al, Cholesterol-lowering effects of policosanol
in rabbits. Biol Res. 1994;27(3-4):205-8.[9]Biol Res. 1996;29(2):253-7][10] Composition for reducing serum cholesterol levels,
Patents # 5952393 and 6197832. [11]Arch Med Res. 2001 Jan-Feb;32(1):8-12][12] [Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(3):636-45].[13] Pons P
et al, Effects of successive dose increases of policosanol on the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia and
tolerability to treatment. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1994;14(1):27-33. [14] Results of the multicenter controlled study of the
hypolipidemic drug polycosanol in Russia Ter Arkh. 2000;72(12):7-10. [15]Gamez R. et Effects of concurrent therapy with
policosanol and omega-3 fatty acids on lipid profile and platelet aggregation in rabbits. Drugs R D. 2005;6(1):11-9. [16] Jacoby D.
Drug treatment of intermittent claudication. Drugs. 2004;64(15):1657-70. [17] Castano G, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
of the effects of policosanol in patients with intermittent claudication Angiology. 1999 Feb;50(2):123-30. [18]Castano G et al,
Effects of policosanol and ticlopidine in patients with intermittent claudication: a double-blinded pilot comparative study.
Angiology. 2004 Jul-Aug;55(4):361-71.[19] Castano G et al, Effects of policosanol and lovastatin in patients with intermittent
claudication: a double-blind comparative pilot study. Angiology. 2003 Jan;54(1):25-38.[20] Arruzazabala ML et al, Effects of
Policosanol on platelet aggregation in rats. Thromb Res. 1993 Feb 1;69(3):321-7. [21] Valdes S. Effect of policosanol on platelet
aggregation in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1996;16(2-3):67-72. [22] Arruzazabala ML Comparative study of
policosanol, aspirin and the combination therapy policosanol-aspirin on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res.
1997 Oct;36(4):293-7. [23] Arruzazabala ML et al, Effect of policosanol on cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils: role of
prostacyclin and thromboxane A2. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1993 Sep;49(3):695-7. [24] Menendez R et al,
Inhibition of rat lipoprotein lipid peroxidation by the oral administration of D003, a mixture of very long-chain saturated fatty acids.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Jan;80(1):13-21.[25] Noa M et al, Effect of policosanol on lipofundin-induced atherosclerotic
lesions in rats, J Pharm Pharmacol. 1995 Apr;47(4):289-91. [26] Octacosanol supplementation increases running endurance time
and improves biochemical parameters after exhaustion in trained rats., J Med Food. 2003 Winter;6(4):345-51. [27] Castano G et al,
Concomitant use of policosanol and beta-blockers in older patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2004;24(2-3):65-77. [28] Noa M et al,
Effect of policosanol on isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;46(4):282-5. [29] Carbajal
D et al Effect of policosanol on experimental thrombosis models. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1994 May;50(5):249-51.
[30] Bai S et al Space Med Med Eng (Beijing). 1997 Dec;10(6):450-2. [31] Noa M et al, Policosanol prevents bone loss in
ovariectomized rats., Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2004;30(3):117-23.[32] Effect of policosanol on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers,
Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1996;16(2-3):67-72.[33] Fernandez S, A pharmacological surveillance study of the tolerability of
policosanol in the elderly population. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2004 Dec;2(4):219-29. [33] Chen JT et al, Meta-analysis of
natural therapies for hyperlipidemia: plant sterols and stanols versus policosanol. Pharmacotherapy. 2005 Feb;25(2):171-83. [34] A
two-year study on the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol patients with type II hyperlipoproteinaemia, Int J Clin Pharmacol Res.
1995;15(4):159-65]. [35] Results of the multicenter controlled study of the hypolipidemic drug polycosanol in Russia Ter Arkh.
2000;72(12):7-10. [36] An ezetimibe-policosanol combination has the potential to be an OTC agent that could dramatically lower
LDL cholesterol without s ide effects. Med Hypotheses. 2005,64(3):636-45. [37] Chen JT et al, Meta-analysis of natural therapies for
hyperlipidemia: plant sterols and stanols versus policosanol. Pharmacotherapy. 2005 Feb;25(2):171-83. [38] Varady KA Role of
policosanols in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Rev. 2003 Nov;61(11):376-83. [39] Castano G et al,
Effects of policosanol and lovastatin on lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in patients with dyslipidemia associated with type 2
diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2002;22(3-4):89-99. [40] Castano G, Comparison of the efficacy, safety and tolerability
of original policosanol versus other mixtures of higher aliphatic primary alcohols in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia. Int J
Clin Pharmacol Res. 2002;22(2):55-66. [41] McCarty MF. An ezetimibe-policosanol combination has the potential to be an OTC
agent that could dramatically lower LDL cholesterol without s ide effects. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(3):636-45. [42] Castano G et al
Effects of policosanol 20 versus 40 mg/day in the treatment of patients with type II hypercholesterolemia: a 6-month double-blind
study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2001;21(1):43-57. [43] Lin Y., Wheat germ policosanol failed to lower plasma cholesterol in
subjects with normal to mildly elevated cholesterol concentrations. Metabolism. 2004 Oct;53(10):1309-14. [44] Policosanol contents
and compositions of wheat varieties. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jul 13;53(14);5583-6. C1 Policosanol S ide Effects Chinese- school
netfirms.com online publication. June 2005 2 C2Femandez L et al. Policosanol;results of a postmarketing surveillance control on
27,879 patients. Curr Ther Res. 1998;59:717-722. [C3] Arruzazabalab ML. Effect of policosanol successive dose increases on
platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res. 1996;34:181-185, [C4] Arruzazabala ML et al. Comparative study of
policosanol, aspirin and the combination therapy policosanol-aspirin on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res.
1997;36:293-297. [C5] Carbajal D et al. Effect of policosanol on platelet aggregation and serum levels of arachidonic acid
metabolites in healthy volunteers. Prostaglandins leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998;58:61-64.
. A [1. Aleman CL, et al Carcinogenicity of policosanol in mice: an 18-month study. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995 Jul;33(7):573-8. 2.
Aleman CL, Carcinogenicity of policosanol in Sprague Dawley rats: a 24 month study. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen.
1994;14(5):239-49. 3. A 12-month study of policosanol oral toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Jan;70(1):77-87.4.
Mesa AR et al, Toxicity of policosanol in beagle dogs: one-year study. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Aug;73(2):81-90. 5. Rodriguez-Echenique
C, Effects of policosanol chronically administered in male monkeys (Macaca arctoides). Food Chem Toxicol. 1994
Jun;32(6):565-75. 6 Rodriguez MD et al, Teratogenic and reproductive studies of policosanol in the rat and rabbit. Teratog Carcinog
Mutagen. 1994;14(3):107-13.] [1]Fraga V et al, Arch Med Res. 1997 Autumn; 28 (3): 355-60].[2]Fukuda, Effect of sugar cane wax on
serum liver lipids on rats; Chemical Abstracts, 106, 17, 137413p and[3] Sho H. et al, Effects of Okinawan sugar cane wax and fatty
alcohols on serum and liver lipids in the rates, J. Nutri. Vitaminol 30 (6) 553-559.[4]Shimura S. et al, Studies on the effect of
octacosanol on the motor endurance in mice; Nutrition Reports Int. 198736, 1029-1038.[5]Hagiwara Y. Antilipaemic agents
containing hexacosanol used to treat hypertension, arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, heart disease and obesity 1987. JP A 62
099323.[6] Mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols, its obtention from sugar cane wax and its pharmaceutical uses, patent#
5663156. Patent # 5856316 [7]Biol Res. 1994;27(3-4):199-203] [8]Arruzazabala ML et al, Cholesterol-lowering effects of policosanol
in rabbits. Biol Res. 1994;27(3-4):205-8.[9]Biol Res. 1996;29(2):253-7][10] Composition for reducing serum cholesterol levels,
Patents # 5952393 and 6197832. [11]Arch Med Res. 2001 Jan-Feb;32(1):8-12][12] [Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(3):636-45].[13] Pons P
et al, Effects of successive dose increases of policosanol on the lipid profile of patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia and
tolerability to treatment. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1994;14(1):27-33. [14] Results of the multicenter controlled study of the
hypolipidemic drug polycosanol in Russia Ter Arkh. 2000;72(12):7-10. [15]Gamez R. et Effects of concurrent therapy with
policosanol and omega-3 fatty acids on lipid profile and platelet aggregation in rabbits. Drugs R D. 2005;6(1):11-9. [16] Jacoby D.
Drug treatment of intermittent claudication. Drugs. 2004;64(15):1657-70. [17] Castano G, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
of the effects of policosanol in patients with intermittent claudication Angiology. 1999 Feb;50(2):123-30. [18]Castano G et al,
Effects of policosanol and ticlopidine in patients with intermittent claudication: a double-blinded pilot comparative study.
Angiology. 2004 Jul-Aug;55(4):361-71.[19] Castano G et al, Effects of policosanol and lovastatin in patients with intermittent
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