EGCG Health Benefits and Side
Effects
Effects
The compound (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major catechin
found in green tea [Camellia sinensis L. Ktze. (Theaceae)]. This polyphenolic
compound and several related catechins are believed to be responsible for the
health benefits associated with the consumption of green tea. Increasing
evidence has suggested that EGCG exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and
immunosuppressive effects. [4] The potential health benefits ascribed to green
tea and EGCG include antioxidant effects, cancer chemoprevention, improving
cardiovascular health, enhancing weight loss, protecting the skin from the
damage caused by ionizing radiation, and others. [6] Nagle DG at The
University of Mississippi pointed out that a few well-designed double-blinded
controlled clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of green tea extracts and
purified EGCG products in patients. [6]
What are the recent scientific suggestions for health benefits of
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)?
EGCG MAY BENEFIT BONE HEALTH
Researchers from University of Toronto proposed the benefits of
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)on bone health. In the study,
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)at concentrations of 1-5 muM caused a
dose-dependent increase in the number and area of mineralized bone nodules.
[1]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN DIABETES
Researchers from University of Dundee, Scotland commented the insulin-like
glucose-lowering properties of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in mammals.
EGCG is known to act at least in part by repression of gluconeogenic genes
such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Their study shows EGCG exerts
its insulin mimetic effects at least in part by phosphorylation of the FOXOs
through a mechanism that is similar but not identical to insulin and IGF-1
induced FOXO phosphorylation.
Researchers from other group administrated rats with subtotal nephrectomy
plus streptozotocin injection with(-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (ECGG). After a
50-day administration period, EGCG treated groups showed suppressed
hyperglycemia, proteinuria, and lipid peroxidation, though there were only weak
effects on the levels of serum creatinine and glycosylated protein. These results
suggest that EGCG ameliorates glucose toxicity and renal injury, thus alleviating
renal damage caused by abnormal glucose metabolism-associated oxidative
stress involved in renal lesions of diabetic nephropathy. [8]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN CANCER
Green tea and its major constituent epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been
extensively studied as a potential treatment for various cancers. Epidemiological
data have suggested that EGCG may provide protective effects against
hormone related cancers, namely breast or prostate cancer. Extensive in vitro
investigations using both hormone responsive and non-responsive cell lines
have shown that EGCG induces apoptosis and alters the expression of cell
cycle regulatory proteins that are critical for cell survival and apoptosis. [3]
In a study, pretreatment of HEY and OVCA 433 ovarian carcinoma cell lines with
green tea and EGCG inhibited endothelin-1/ET(A)R expression,
endothelin(A)R-mediated COX-1/2 mRNA expression, and COX-2 promoter
activity. These effects were associated with a significant reduction in the
COX-1/2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Thus, EGCG may have
benefits in ovarian carcinoma. [12]
Later, Spinella F and co-workers further suggested that EGCG inhibited ovarian
cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis that was associated with a decrease
in Bcl-X(L) expression and activation of caspase-3. Treatment with green tea or
EGCG inhibited endothelin A receptor (ET(A)R)/endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression
and reduced the basal and endothelin-1-induced cell proliferation and invasion.
[10]
Tan M and co-workers at University of Mississippi proposed the direct
administration of EGCG alone or in combination with thymoquinone can limit
PANC-1 cell proliferation in their in vitro studies. [10]
Researchers from Harvard Medical School evaluated the potential health
benefits of (-)- epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in multiple myeloma (MM).
Basically, they found that EGCG induced both dose- and time- dependent
growth arrest and subsequent apoptotic cell death in multiple myeloma cell lines
including IL-6 dependent cells and primary patient cells; without significant effect
on the growth of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and normal
fibroblasts. [11]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN INFLAMMATIONS
HEPATITIS
Researchers pretreated mice with (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) before
concanavalin A injection, and then measured alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
levels in plasma, inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver.
They found that mice pretreated with EGCG exhibited much less increased ALT
levels in plasma, reduced inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte apoptosis in
liver compared with control mice pretreated with vehicle solutions.[4]
ARTHRITIS
Ahmed S and colleagues at University of Michigan Medical School found that
EGCG was nontoxic to RA synovial fibroblasts and treatment with EGCG may
be of potential benefits in inhibiting joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. [6]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN NEURONAL DISORDER
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which
only symptomatic treatments of limited effectiveness are available. Preventing
early misfolding steps and thereby aggregation of the polyglutamine
(polyQ)-containing protein huntingtin (htt) in neurons of patients may represent
an attractive therapeutic strategy to postpone the onset and progression of
such disease. Here, researchers demonstrated that polyphenol
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) potently inhibits the aggregation of
mutant htt exon 1 protein in a dose-dependent manner. [5]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN ANXIETY
Vignes M and co-workers at University of Montpellier II, France observed that
(-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) reversed GABA(A) receptor negative
modulator methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) inhibition on GABA
currents in a concentration dependent manner. Behavioral tests in mice
indicated that EGCG exerted both anxiolytic and amnesic effects just like the
benzodiazepine drug, chlordiazepoxide. [7]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN FUNGAL DISEASES
Japanese compared the antifungal activities of epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate
(EGCG)with six antifungal agents, amphotericin B (AMPH), fluconazole (FLCZ),
flucytosin (5FC), itraconazole (ITCZ), micafungin (MCFG), and miconazole
(MCZ)and concluded that EGCG has a comparable antifungal actvities on some
strains than some of these antifugal agents. [9]
Recent Findings:
Researchers from University of Bari, Italy, demonstrated the vaso-relaxation in
ophthalmic arteries with endothelium-intact via the activation of the NO/cGMP
signalling pathway via NO-mediated relaxant responses. [A1]
Individuals with partial HSA21 trisomies and mice with partial MMU16 trisomies
containing an extra copy of the DYRK1A gene present various alterations in
brain morphogenesis. They present also learning impairments modeling those
encountered in Down syndrome. Researchers from Université Paris Diderot,
France, claimed that green tea extract-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a
specific and safe DYRK1A inhibitor. [A2]
Researchers from Soochow University, China, demonstrated the inhibition of
EGCG on lung-tumor promotion and oxidative stress caused by administration
of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) in mice. [A3]
Researchers from Wuhan University demonstrated EGCG has a strong effect
against influenza A H1 N1 virus in vitro and in vivo, in a dose-dependent
manner. {A5].
Do not overdose yourself with green tea (extracts). Researchers from
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, reported EGCG
has pro-oxidant effects at high concentration. In their study, EGCG caused a
rapid elevation of intracellular free calcium levels in a dose-dependent way.
Exposure to EGCG dose- and time-dependently increased the production of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential
as well as the Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio. EGCG induced hippocampal neuron
death through the mitochondrion-dependent pathway. I am not sure what
side effects we'll have, if we overdose ourselves with green tea (or its
extracts) for a prolonged period of time. [A4]
Are there any side effects or interactions of EGCG?
Green tea is generally free of side effects. However, large amounts of green tea
consumption may lead to insomnia, anxiety, and other symptoms caused by the
caffeine content. It may also inhibit iron absorption.
On September 18, 2006, I found more than 500 scientific articles related to the
health benefits of epigallocatechin gallate. I summarized only a few interesting
of the most recent articles to demonstrate its potential health benefits.
Moreover, most of the studies are either in animals or in vitro.
--------------------
References [1] Vali B, et al, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increases the formation of mineralized bone
nodules by human osteoblast-like cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Sep 7[2] Anton S,et al, Epigallocatechin
gallate (EGCG) mimics insulin action on the transcription factor FOXO1a and elicits cellular responses in
the presence and absence of insulin.Cell Signal. 2006 Jul 25[3] Stuart EC et al, Role of epigallocatechin
gallate (EGCG) in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer.Life Sci. 2006 Aug 5 [4] Wang Y et al,
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects mice from concanavalin A-induced hepatitis through suppressing
immune-mediated liver injury.Clin Exp Immunol. 2006 Sep;145(3):485-92.[5] Ehrnhoefer DE, et al, Green
tea (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate modulates early events in huntingtin misfolding and reduces toxicity in
Huntington's disease models.Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Sep 15;15(18):2743-51. Epub 2006 Aug 7.[6] Nagle
DG et al, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Chemical and biomedical perspectives.Phytochemistry.
2006 Sep;67(17):1849-55. Epub 2006 Jul 31. [6] Ahmed S et al, Regulation of interleukin-1beta-induced
chemokine production and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation by epigallocatechin-3-gallate in
rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts.Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug;54(8):2393-401. [7] Vignes M et al,
Anxiolytic properties of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Brain Res. 2006 Jul 19.
[8] Yamabe N, et al, Therapeutic Potential of (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate on Renal Damage in
Diabetic Nephropathy Model Rats.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jul 11. [9] Park BJ, et al, Antifungal
susceptibility of epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCg) on clinical isolates of pathogenic yeasts.Biochem
Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Aug 25;347(2):401-5. Epub 2006 Jun 15.[10] Spinella F et al, Green tea
polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the endothelin axis and downstream signaling pathways in
ovarian carcinoma.Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Jun;5(6):1483-92.[10] Tan M, et al, Effects of
(-)epigallocatechin gallate and thymoquinone on proliferation of a PANC-1 cell line in culture.Biomed Sci
Instrum. 2006;42:363-71. [11] Shammas MA, et al, Specific killing of multiple myeloma cells by (-)-
epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea: biological activity and therapeutic
implications.Blood. 2006 Jun 29. [12]Spinella F, et al, Antitumor effect of green tea polyphenol
epigallocatechin-3-gallate in ovarian carcinoma cells: evidence for the endothelin-1 as a potential
target.Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2006 Jun;231(6):1123-7. [A1] Romano MR, Lograno MD.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate relaxes the isolated bovine ophthalmic artery: Involvement of phosphoinositide
3-kinase-Akt-nitric oxide/cGMP signalling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 26. [A2] Guedj F, Sébrié C,
Rivals I, Ledru A, Paly E, Bizot JC, Smith D, Rubin E, Gillet B, Arbones M, Delabar JM. Green tea
polyphenols rescue of brain defects induced by overexpression of DYRK1A. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(2):e4606.
Epub 2009 Feb 26.[A3] An Y, Li Z, Wang S, Wang Z. Inhibition of (-)epigallocatechin gallate on
dimethylarsinic acid promoting lung tumorigenesis through the induction of oxidative stress in mice Wei
Sheng Yan Jiu. 2008 Nov;37(6):748-50 [A4] Yin ST, Tang ML, Deng HM, Xing TR, Chen JT, Wang HL,
Ruan DY. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induced primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons death linked to
calcium overload and oxidative stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 17. A5 Xiao X,
Yang ZQ, Shi LQ, Liu J, Chen W. Antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on influenza A virus
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2008 Nov;33(22):2678-82.
found in green tea [Camellia sinensis L. Ktze. (Theaceae)]. This polyphenolic
compound and several related catechins are believed to be responsible for the
health benefits associated with the consumption of green tea. Increasing
evidence has suggested that EGCG exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and
immunosuppressive effects. [4] The potential health benefits ascribed to green
tea and EGCG include antioxidant effects, cancer chemoprevention, improving
cardiovascular health, enhancing weight loss, protecting the skin from the
damage caused by ionizing radiation, and others. [6] Nagle DG at The
University of Mississippi pointed out that a few well-designed double-blinded
controlled clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of green tea extracts and
purified EGCG products in patients. [6]
What are the recent scientific suggestions for health benefits of
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)?
EGCG MAY BENEFIT BONE HEALTH
Researchers from University of Toronto proposed the benefits of
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)on bone health. In the study,
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)at concentrations of 1-5 muM caused a
dose-dependent increase in the number and area of mineralized bone nodules.
[1]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN DIABETES
Researchers from University of Dundee, Scotland commented the insulin-like
glucose-lowering properties of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in mammals.
EGCG is known to act at least in part by repression of gluconeogenic genes
such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Their study shows EGCG exerts
its insulin mimetic effects at least in part by phosphorylation of the FOXOs
through a mechanism that is similar but not identical to insulin and IGF-1
induced FOXO phosphorylation.
Researchers from other group administrated rats with subtotal nephrectomy
plus streptozotocin injection with(-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (ECGG). After a
50-day administration period, EGCG treated groups showed suppressed
hyperglycemia, proteinuria, and lipid peroxidation, though there were only weak
effects on the levels of serum creatinine and glycosylated protein. These results
suggest that EGCG ameliorates glucose toxicity and renal injury, thus alleviating
renal damage caused by abnormal glucose metabolism-associated oxidative
stress involved in renal lesions of diabetic nephropathy. [8]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN CANCER
Green tea and its major constituent epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been
extensively studied as a potential treatment for various cancers. Epidemiological
data have suggested that EGCG may provide protective effects against
hormone related cancers, namely breast or prostate cancer. Extensive in vitro
investigations using both hormone responsive and non-responsive cell lines
have shown that EGCG induces apoptosis and alters the expression of cell
cycle regulatory proteins that are critical for cell survival and apoptosis. [3]
In a study, pretreatment of HEY and OVCA 433 ovarian carcinoma cell lines with
green tea and EGCG inhibited endothelin-1/ET(A)R expression,
endothelin(A)R-mediated COX-1/2 mRNA expression, and COX-2 promoter
activity. These effects were associated with a significant reduction in the
COX-1/2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Thus, EGCG may have
benefits in ovarian carcinoma. [12]
Later, Spinella F and co-workers further suggested that EGCG inhibited ovarian
cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis that was associated with a decrease
in Bcl-X(L) expression and activation of caspase-3. Treatment with green tea or
EGCG inhibited endothelin A receptor (ET(A)R)/endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression
and reduced the basal and endothelin-1-induced cell proliferation and invasion.
[10]
Tan M and co-workers at University of Mississippi proposed the direct
administration of EGCG alone or in combination with thymoquinone can limit
PANC-1 cell proliferation in their in vitro studies. [10]
Researchers from Harvard Medical School evaluated the potential health
benefits of (-)- epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in multiple myeloma (MM).
Basically, they found that EGCG induced both dose- and time- dependent
growth arrest and subsequent apoptotic cell death in multiple myeloma cell lines
including IL-6 dependent cells and primary patient cells; without significant effect
on the growth of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and normal
fibroblasts. [11]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN INFLAMMATIONS
HEPATITIS
Researchers pretreated mice with (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) before
concanavalin A injection, and then measured alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
levels in plasma, inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver.
They found that mice pretreated with EGCG exhibited much less increased ALT
levels in plasma, reduced inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte apoptosis in
liver compared with control mice pretreated with vehicle solutions.[4]
ARTHRITIS
Ahmed S and colleagues at University of Michigan Medical School found that
EGCG was nontoxic to RA synovial fibroblasts and treatment with EGCG may
be of potential benefits in inhibiting joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. [6]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN NEURONAL DISORDER
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which
only symptomatic treatments of limited effectiveness are available. Preventing
early misfolding steps and thereby aggregation of the polyglutamine
(polyQ)-containing protein huntingtin (htt) in neurons of patients may represent
an attractive therapeutic strategy to postpone the onset and progression of
such disease. Here, researchers demonstrated that polyphenol
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) potently inhibits the aggregation of
mutant htt exon 1 protein in a dose-dependent manner. [5]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN ANXIETY
Vignes M and co-workers at University of Montpellier II, France observed that
(-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) reversed GABA(A) receptor negative
modulator methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) inhibition on GABA
currents in a concentration dependent manner. Behavioral tests in mice
indicated that EGCG exerted both anxiolytic and amnesic effects just like the
benzodiazepine drug, chlordiazepoxide. [7]
EGCG MAY HAVE BENEFITS IN FUNGAL DISEASES
Japanese compared the antifungal activities of epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate
(EGCG)with six antifungal agents, amphotericin B (AMPH), fluconazole (FLCZ),
flucytosin (5FC), itraconazole (ITCZ), micafungin (MCFG), and miconazole
(MCZ)and concluded that EGCG has a comparable antifungal actvities on some
strains than some of these antifugal agents. [9]
Recent Findings:
Researchers from University of Bari, Italy, demonstrated the vaso-relaxation in
ophthalmic arteries with endothelium-intact via the activation of the NO/cGMP
signalling pathway via NO-mediated relaxant responses. [A1]
Individuals with partial HSA21 trisomies and mice with partial MMU16 trisomies
containing an extra copy of the DYRK1A gene present various alterations in
brain morphogenesis. They present also learning impairments modeling those
encountered in Down syndrome. Researchers from Université Paris Diderot,
France, claimed that green tea extract-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a
specific and safe DYRK1A inhibitor. [A2]
Researchers from Soochow University, China, demonstrated the inhibition of
EGCG on lung-tumor promotion and oxidative stress caused by administration
of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) in mice. [A3]
Researchers from Wuhan University demonstrated EGCG has a strong effect
against influenza A H1 N1 virus in vitro and in vivo, in a dose-dependent
manner. {A5].
Do not overdose yourself with green tea (extracts). Researchers from
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, reported EGCG
has pro-oxidant effects at high concentration. In their study, EGCG caused a
rapid elevation of intracellular free calcium levels in a dose-dependent way.
Exposure to EGCG dose- and time-dependently increased the production of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential
as well as the Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio. EGCG induced hippocampal neuron
death through the mitochondrion-dependent pathway. I am not sure what
side effects we'll have, if we overdose ourselves with green tea (or its
extracts) for a prolonged period of time. [A4]
Are there any side effects or interactions of EGCG?
Green tea is generally free of side effects. However, large amounts of green tea
consumption may lead to insomnia, anxiety, and other symptoms caused by the
caffeine content. It may also inhibit iron absorption.
On September 18, 2006, I found more than 500 scientific articles related to the
health benefits of epigallocatechin gallate. I summarized only a few interesting
of the most recent articles to demonstrate its potential health benefits.
Moreover, most of the studies are either in animals or in vitro.
--------------------
References [1] Vali B, et al, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increases the formation of mineralized bone
nodules by human osteoblast-like cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Sep 7[2] Anton S,et al, Epigallocatechin
gallate (EGCG) mimics insulin action on the transcription factor FOXO1a and elicits cellular responses in
the presence and absence of insulin.Cell Signal. 2006 Jul 25[3] Stuart EC et al, Role of epigallocatechin
gallate (EGCG) in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer.Life Sci. 2006 Aug 5 [4] Wang Y et al,
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects mice from concanavalin A-induced hepatitis through suppressing
immune-mediated liver injury.Clin Exp Immunol. 2006 Sep;145(3):485-92.[5] Ehrnhoefer DE, et al, Green
tea (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate modulates early events in huntingtin misfolding and reduces toxicity in
Huntington's disease models.Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Sep 15;15(18):2743-51. Epub 2006 Aug 7.[6] Nagle
DG et al, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Chemical and biomedical perspectives.Phytochemistry.
2006 Sep;67(17):1849-55. Epub 2006 Jul 31. [6] Ahmed S et al, Regulation of interleukin-1beta-induced
chemokine production and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation by epigallocatechin-3-gallate in
rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts.Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug;54(8):2393-401. [7] Vignes M et al,
Anxiolytic properties of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Brain Res. 2006 Jul 19.
[8] Yamabe N, et al, Therapeutic Potential of (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate on Renal Damage in
Diabetic Nephropathy Model Rats.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jul 11. [9] Park BJ, et al, Antifungal
susceptibility of epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCg) on clinical isolates of pathogenic yeasts.Biochem
Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Aug 25;347(2):401-5. Epub 2006 Jun 15.[10] Spinella F et al, Green tea
polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the endothelin axis and downstream signaling pathways in
ovarian carcinoma.Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Jun;5(6):1483-92.[10] Tan M, et al, Effects of
(-)epigallocatechin gallate and thymoquinone on proliferation of a PANC-1 cell line in culture.Biomed Sci
Instrum. 2006;42:363-71. [11] Shammas MA, et al, Specific killing of multiple myeloma cells by (-)-
epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea: biological activity and therapeutic
implications.Blood. 2006 Jun 29. [12]Spinella F, et al, Antitumor effect of green tea polyphenol
epigallocatechin-3-gallate in ovarian carcinoma cells: evidence for the endothelin-1 as a potential
target.Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2006 Jun;231(6):1123-7. [A1] Romano MR, Lograno MD.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate relaxes the isolated bovine ophthalmic artery: Involvement of phosphoinositide
3-kinase-Akt-nitric oxide/cGMP signalling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 26. [A2] Guedj F, Sébrié C,
Rivals I, Ledru A, Paly E, Bizot JC, Smith D, Rubin E, Gillet B, Arbones M, Delabar JM. Green tea
polyphenols rescue of brain defects induced by overexpression of DYRK1A. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(2):e4606.
Epub 2009 Feb 26.[A3] An Y, Li Z, Wang S, Wang Z. Inhibition of (-)epigallocatechin gallate on
dimethylarsinic acid promoting lung tumorigenesis through the induction of oxidative stress in mice Wei
Sheng Yan Jiu. 2008 Nov;37(6):748-50 [A4] Yin ST, Tang ML, Deng HM, Xing TR, Chen JT, Wang HL,
Ruan DY. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induced primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons death linked to
calcium overload and oxidative stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 17. A5 Xiao X,
Yang ZQ, Shi LQ, Liu J, Chen W. Antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on influenza A virus
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2008 Nov;33(22):2678-82.
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Supplements
Acetyl-L Carnitine
Acidophilus
Bladderwrack
Bilberry
Chromium
CLA
Cod Liver Oil
Coenzyme Q
Colostrum
Dandelion
EGCG
Echinacea
Eleuthero
Ellagic Acid
Eve. Primrose Oil
Fish Oil
Flaxseed
Garlic
Ginger
Ginseng
Ginkgo Biloba
Glucosamine
Gotu Kola
Guar Gum
Hyaluronic acid
Lecithin
Lycopene
Milk Thistle
Nattokinase
Passion Flower
Probiotics
Policosanol /
Polycosanol
Pycnogenol
Reishi / Lingzhi
Resveratrol
Rhodiola
Royal Jelly
Stevia
Whey
Xylitol
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reference only, it is not a medical advice. All rights reserved. Do not copy this article to
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reference only, it is not a medical advice. All rights reserved. Do not copy this article to
other website or blog.
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