Avocados side effects,
nutritional values and
health benefits
nutritional values and
health benefits
Avocados were first cultivated in South America with later migration to Mexico. It was believed that
a Mayan princess ate the very first avocado and that it held mystical and magical powers. European
sailors traveling to the New World used avocados as their form of butter. Avocados were first seen
in the United States in the early 1800's. California is currently the largest producer of avocados
stateside. There are more than 80 varieties, with the "Hass" variety dominating the crop share. A
single mature avocado tree can produce more than 400 pieces of fruit in a year.
NUTRITIONAL VALUES
Avocados are loaded with nutrients such as dietary fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E,
potassium, magnesium, and folate. They're also cholesterol and sodium free. Avocados contain
60% more potassium per ounce than bananas. This fruit is an excellent source of monounsaturated
fat. In addition, researchers have shown that avocados extracts improved calcium absorption in
rats and addition of avocado to salsa significantly improved lycopene, lutein and carotenes
absorption in healthy human subjects. [1, 9]
POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF AVOCADO
Researchers from South Africa proposed to use Avocado (Persea americana) leaf aqueous extract
for the management of childhood convulsion. The data from their study in rats suggested that
'avocado' leaf aqueous extract produced its anticonvulsant effect by enhancing GABAergic
neurotransmission and/or action in the brain. [8]
Some studies show the potential benefits of soybean combined with avocado on the symptoms of
osteoarthritis. [12-15, 18] The combo is believed to exert anti-inflammatory and stimulatory effects
on aggrecan or proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes. [15, 17] The common dose of the
Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in some of the studies is from 300 to 600 mg/day. [16, 19]
AVOCADO MAY HAVE BENEFITS OF CUTTING CANCER RISKS
The California Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.) avocados were found to contain the highest
content of lutein among commonly eaten fruits as well as measurable amounts of related
carotenoids (zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene). Lutein accounted for 70% of the
measured carotenoids, and the avocado also contained significant quantities of vitamin E. An
acetone extract of avocado containing these carotenoids and tocopherols was shown to inhibit the
growth of both androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (PC-3) prostate cancer
cell lines in vitro. [11] On the other hand, Kim OK from Kyoto University, Japan, proposed that
persenone A, an active ingredient of avocado, is a possible agent to prevent
inflammation-associated diseases including cancer. They found that persenone A at concentration
of 20 microM almost completely suppressed both iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in a vitro
study. [21]
AVOCADO HELPS CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DIETS
Researchers found that intake of avocado could enhance the effect of low-fat diets on lipid
reduction. [22, 26] Mexican researchers consider avocado as an excellent source of
monounsaturated fatty acid in diets designed to avoid hyperlipidemia without the undesirable
effects of low-saturated fat diets on HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. [23]
In a study of healthy adult normolipidemic volunteers and 37 adult patients with mild
hypercholesterolemia, Mexican researchers found that intake of avocado was linked to a significant
decrease of serum total cholesterol (17%), LDL-cholesterol (22%) and triglycerides (22%), and
increase of HDL-cholesterol (11%) levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. [24]
EFFECTS OF AVOCADO ON WEIGHT LOSS AND BLOOD PRESSURE
The consumption of 200 g/d of avocado within an energy-restricted diet does not compromise
weight loss when substituted for 30 g of mixed dietary fat. Serum lipid concentrations, plasma
fibrinogen, arterial compliance, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were not affected by
weight loss or avocado intake. [10]
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS / SIDE EFFECTS OF AVOCADO ETRACTS AND OILS
One common side effect of avocado intake is allergy or hypersensitivity. The symptoms include skin
reactions, vomiting, bronchial asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, urticaria and angioedema. [25, 28] In a
study, eight of the 21 avocado skin test positive patients reported that symptoms repeatedly
followed the ingestion of avocado; two reported systemic reactions, but six noted oral symptoms
only. Serum IgE antibodies to avocado were elevated in seven of the eight patients reporting
symptoms after eating avocado. Avocado-induced symptoms occurred in 8% of 100 consecutive
atopic allergic rhinitis patients unselected for avocado reactivity. Oral, and less frequently systemic,
allergy symptoms appear to be more common among the atopic population than previously
appreciated. [25]
In later 1980s, researchers from Israel fed rats with avocado or avocado seed oils for four weeks
and they noticed an increase in the amount of hepatic lipids, a decrease in blood levels of
triglycerides in the animals and changes in levels of some liver enzymes. [2]
Rats fed with unrefined avocado oils showed significant increases in soluble collagen content in
skin. The increased soluble collagen content appears to be a consequence of the inhibition of lysyl
oxidase activity. The total collagen content did not change. [4] However, researchers also found a
significant decrease in total collagen solubility in the liver after supplementation of unrefined
avocado or soybean oil to rats for one week. They confirmed the results by repeating the
experiment with chicken. They also found collagen accumulation in the liver of the rats, suggesting
early stages of fibrosis. [5]
Though there are indications (above) that avocado may damage the liver by collagen formation,
Japanese researchers have shown the protective effects of avocado on liver injury caused by
D-galactosamine. [20]
The leaves of avocado in doses exceeding 20 g fresh leaf per kg bodyweight, produced damage to
the mammary gland with decreased milk production in an animal study. [3] Six of 21 goats feeding
on fresh avocado leaves from pruned trees, showed clinical signs of cardiac distress. [6] Ingestion
of avocado leaves also caused lung oedema, hydrothorax, severe myocardial degeneration,
necrosis and fibrosis in 15 Cameroon goats. [7] In a study, nine out of 120 ostriches died from
congestive heart failure within 96 h of ingesting avocado leaves and immature fruit in an avocado
orchard containing Hass and Fuerte cultivars.[27] Finally, researchers from Kenya observed
dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema, abdominal enlargement and signs of elevated liver enzymes from
two dogs which had a fondness for avocado fruits. [29]
THIS ARTICLE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, YOU SHOULD CONSULT WITH
YOUR DOCTOR. THIS ARTICLE DOES NOT RECOMMEND TAKING EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF AVACODO. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED 2008 ZHION DO NOT COPY TO OTHER WEBSITES NOR BLOGS NOR ANY OTHER TYPES OF
PUBLICATIONS.
Reference: [1] Raonimalala AF, Digaud A, Fournier P. Action of soluble carbohydrates from avocado (Persea gratissima Gaertner) fruit on utilization of
calcium in the rat Ann Nutr Aliment. 1980;34(4):735-44. [2] Werman MJ, Mokady S, Neeman I, Auslaender L, Zeidler A. The effect of avocado oils on
some liver characteristics in growing rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 1989 May;27(5):279-82. [3] Craigmill AL, Seawright AA, Mattila T, Frost AJ. Pathological
changes in the mammary gland and biochemical changes in milk of the goat following oral dosing with leaf of the avocado (Persea americana). Aust Vet
J. 1989 Jul;66(7):206-11. [4] Werman MJ, Mokady S, Nimni ME, Neeman I. The effect of various avocado oils on skin collagen metabolism. Connect
Tissue Res. 1991;26(1-2):1-10. [5] Wermam MJ, Mokady S, Neeman I. Effect of dietary avocado oils on hepatic collagen metabolism. Ann Nutr Metab.
1991;35(5):253-60. [6] Grant R, Basson PA, Booker HH, Hofherr JB, Anthonissen M. Cardiomyopathy caused by avocado (Persea americana Mill) leaves.
J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1991 Mar;62(1):21-2. [7] Stadler P, van Rensburg IB, Naude TW. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1991 Dec;62(4):186-8. Suspected avocado (Persea
americana) poisoning in goats. [8] Ojewole JA and Amabeoku GJ Anticonvulsant effect of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) (Avocado) leaf aqueous
extract in mice. Phytother Res. 2006 Jun 14; [9] Unlu NZ,et al, Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of
avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):431-6. [10] Pieterse Z, Jerling JC, Oosthuizen W, Kruger HS, Hanekom SM, Smuts CM, Schutte AE.
Substitution of high monounsaturated fatty acid avocado for mixed dietary fats during an energy-restricted diet: effects on weight loss, serum lipids,
fibrinogen, and vascular function. Nutrition. 2005 Jan;21(1):67-75. [11] Lu QY, Arteaga JR, Zhang Q, Huerta S, Go VL, Heber D. Inhibition of prostate
cancer cell growth by an avocado extract: role of lipid-soluble bioactive substances. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jan;16(1):23-30. [12] Mauviel A, Loyau G,
Pujol JP. Effect of unsaponifiable extracts of avocado and soybean (Piascledine) on the collagenolytic action of cultures of human rheumatoid synoviocytes
and rabbit articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1991 Apr;58(4):241-5. [13] Henrotin YE, Deberg MA, Crielaard JM,
Piccardi N, Msika P, Sanchez C. Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables Prevent the Inhibitory Effect of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Osteoblasts on Aggrecan and
Type II Collagen Synthesis by Chondrocytes. J Rheumatol. 2006 Jul 1 [14] Andriamanalijaona R, Benateau H, Barre PE, Boumediene K, Labbe D,
Compere JF, Pujol JP. Effect of Interleukin-1beta on Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Expression in Human Periodontal
Ligament and Alveolar Bone Cells in Culture: Modulation by Avocado and Soybean Unsaponifiables. J Periodontol. 2006 Jul;77(7):1156-1166. [15]
Angermann P. Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritisUgeskr Laeger. 2005 Aug 15;167(33):3023-5. [16] Ernst
E. Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) for osteoarthritis - a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2003 Oct;22(4-5):285-8. [17] Henrotin YE,
Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables increase aggrecan synthesis and reduce catabolic and proinflammatory mediator production by human osteoarthritic
chondrocytes. J Rheumatol. 2003 Aug;30(8):1825-34. [18] Lequesne M, Structural effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on joint space loss in
osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Feb;47(1):50-8. [19] Appelboom T, Schuermans J, Verbruggen G, Henrotin Y, Reginster JY. Symptoms
modifying effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in knee osteoarthritis. A double blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study. Scand J
Rheumatol. 2001;30(4):242-7. [20] Kawagishi H, et al Liver injury suppressing compounds from avocado (Persea americana). J Agric Food Chem. 2001
May;49(5):2215-21. [21] Kim OK, et al, An avocado constituent, persenone A, suppresses expression of inducible forms of nitric oxide synthase and
cyclooxygenase in macrophages, and hydrogen peroxide generation in mouse skin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 Nov;64(11):2504-7. [22]
Carranza-Madrigal J, et al, Effects of a vegetarian diet vs. a vegetarian diet enriched with avocado in hypercholesterolemic patients. Arch Med Res. 1997
Winter;28(4):537-41. [23] Alvizouri-Munoz M, et al, Effects of avocado as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipid levels. Arch Med Res.
1992 Winter;23(4):163-7. [24] Lopez Ledesma R, et al, Monounsaturated fatty acid (avocado) rich diet for mild hypercholesterolemia. Arch Med Res.
1996 Winter;27(4):519-23. [25] Telez-Diaz G, et al, Prevalence of avocado allergy among atopic patients. Allergy Proc. 1995 Sep-Oct;16(5):241-3. [26]
Carranza J, Effects of avocado on the level of blood lipids in patients with phenotype II and IV dyslipidemiasArch Inst Cardiol Mex. 1995
Jul-Aug;65(4):342-8. [27] Burger WP, et al, Cardiomyopathy in ostriches (Struthio camelus) due to avocado (Persea americana var. guatemalensis)
intoxication. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1994 Sep;65(3):113-8. [28] Blanco C, et al, Avocado hypersensitivity. Allergy. 1994 Jul;49(6):454-9. [29] Buoro IB, et al,
Putative avocado toxicity in two dogs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1994 Mar;61(1):107-9.
a Mayan princess ate the very first avocado and that it held mystical and magical powers. European
sailors traveling to the New World used avocados as their form of butter. Avocados were first seen
in the United States in the early 1800's. California is currently the largest producer of avocados
stateside. There are more than 80 varieties, with the "Hass" variety dominating the crop share. A
single mature avocado tree can produce more than 400 pieces of fruit in a year.
NUTRITIONAL VALUES
Avocados are loaded with nutrients such as dietary fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E,
potassium, magnesium, and folate. They're also cholesterol and sodium free. Avocados contain
60% more potassium per ounce than bananas. This fruit is an excellent source of monounsaturated
fat. In addition, researchers have shown that avocados extracts improved calcium absorption in
rats and addition of avocado to salsa significantly improved lycopene, lutein and carotenes
absorption in healthy human subjects. [1, 9]
POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF AVOCADO
Researchers from South Africa proposed to use Avocado (Persea americana) leaf aqueous extract
for the management of childhood convulsion. The data from their study in rats suggested that
'avocado' leaf aqueous extract produced its anticonvulsant effect by enhancing GABAergic
neurotransmission and/or action in the brain. [8]
Some studies show the potential benefits of soybean combined with avocado on the symptoms of
osteoarthritis. [12-15, 18] The combo is believed to exert anti-inflammatory and stimulatory effects
on aggrecan or proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes. [15, 17] The common dose of the
Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in some of the studies is from 300 to 600 mg/day. [16, 19]
AVOCADO MAY HAVE BENEFITS OF CUTTING CANCER RISKS
The California Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.) avocados were found to contain the highest
content of lutein among commonly eaten fruits as well as measurable amounts of related
carotenoids (zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene). Lutein accounted for 70% of the
measured carotenoids, and the avocado also contained significant quantities of vitamin E. An
acetone extract of avocado containing these carotenoids and tocopherols was shown to inhibit the
growth of both androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (PC-3) prostate cancer
cell lines in vitro. [11] On the other hand, Kim OK from Kyoto University, Japan, proposed that
persenone A, an active ingredient of avocado, is a possible agent to prevent
inflammation-associated diseases including cancer. They found that persenone A at concentration
of 20 microM almost completely suppressed both iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in a vitro
study. [21]
AVOCADO HELPS CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DIETS
Researchers found that intake of avocado could enhance the effect of low-fat diets on lipid
reduction. [22, 26] Mexican researchers consider avocado as an excellent source of
monounsaturated fatty acid in diets designed to avoid hyperlipidemia without the undesirable
effects of low-saturated fat diets on HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. [23]
In a study of healthy adult normolipidemic volunteers and 37 adult patients with mild
hypercholesterolemia, Mexican researchers found that intake of avocado was linked to a significant
decrease of serum total cholesterol (17%), LDL-cholesterol (22%) and triglycerides (22%), and
increase of HDL-cholesterol (11%) levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. [24]
EFFECTS OF AVOCADO ON WEIGHT LOSS AND BLOOD PRESSURE
The consumption of 200 g/d of avocado within an energy-restricted diet does not compromise
weight loss when substituted for 30 g of mixed dietary fat. Serum lipid concentrations, plasma
fibrinogen, arterial compliance, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were not affected by
weight loss or avocado intake. [10]
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS / SIDE EFFECTS OF AVOCADO ETRACTS AND OILS
One common side effect of avocado intake is allergy or hypersensitivity. The symptoms include skin
reactions, vomiting, bronchial asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, urticaria and angioedema. [25, 28] In a
study, eight of the 21 avocado skin test positive patients reported that symptoms repeatedly
followed the ingestion of avocado; two reported systemic reactions, but six noted oral symptoms
only. Serum IgE antibodies to avocado were elevated in seven of the eight patients reporting
symptoms after eating avocado. Avocado-induced symptoms occurred in 8% of 100 consecutive
atopic allergic rhinitis patients unselected for avocado reactivity. Oral, and less frequently systemic,
allergy symptoms appear to be more common among the atopic population than previously
appreciated. [25]
In later 1980s, researchers from Israel fed rats with avocado or avocado seed oils for four weeks
and they noticed an increase in the amount of hepatic lipids, a decrease in blood levels of
triglycerides in the animals and changes in levels of some liver enzymes. [2]
Rats fed with unrefined avocado oils showed significant increases in soluble collagen content in
skin. The increased soluble collagen content appears to be a consequence of the inhibition of lysyl
oxidase activity. The total collagen content did not change. [4] However, researchers also found a
significant decrease in total collagen solubility in the liver after supplementation of unrefined
avocado or soybean oil to rats for one week. They confirmed the results by repeating the
experiment with chicken. They also found collagen accumulation in the liver of the rats, suggesting
early stages of fibrosis. [5]
Though there are indications (above) that avocado may damage the liver by collagen formation,
Japanese researchers have shown the protective effects of avocado on liver injury caused by
D-galactosamine. [20]
The leaves of avocado in doses exceeding 20 g fresh leaf per kg bodyweight, produced damage to
the mammary gland with decreased milk production in an animal study. [3] Six of 21 goats feeding
on fresh avocado leaves from pruned trees, showed clinical signs of cardiac distress. [6] Ingestion
of avocado leaves also caused lung oedema, hydrothorax, severe myocardial degeneration,
necrosis and fibrosis in 15 Cameroon goats. [7] In a study, nine out of 120 ostriches died from
congestive heart failure within 96 h of ingesting avocado leaves and immature fruit in an avocado
orchard containing Hass and Fuerte cultivars.[27] Finally, researchers from Kenya observed
dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema, abdominal enlargement and signs of elevated liver enzymes from
two dogs which had a fondness for avocado fruits. [29]
THIS ARTICLE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, YOU SHOULD CONSULT WITH
YOUR DOCTOR. THIS ARTICLE DOES NOT RECOMMEND TAKING EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF AVACODO. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED 2008 ZHION DO NOT COPY TO OTHER WEBSITES NOR BLOGS NOR ANY OTHER TYPES OF
PUBLICATIONS.
Reference: [1] Raonimalala AF, Digaud A, Fournier P. Action of soluble carbohydrates from avocado (Persea gratissima Gaertner) fruit on utilization of
calcium in the rat Ann Nutr Aliment. 1980;34(4):735-44. [2] Werman MJ, Mokady S, Neeman I, Auslaender L, Zeidler A. The effect of avocado oils on
some liver characteristics in growing rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 1989 May;27(5):279-82. [3] Craigmill AL, Seawright AA, Mattila T, Frost AJ. Pathological
changes in the mammary gland and biochemical changes in milk of the goat following oral dosing with leaf of the avocado (Persea americana). Aust Vet
J. 1989 Jul;66(7):206-11. [4] Werman MJ, Mokady S, Nimni ME, Neeman I. The effect of various avocado oils on skin collagen metabolism. Connect
Tissue Res. 1991;26(1-2):1-10. [5] Wermam MJ, Mokady S, Neeman I. Effect of dietary avocado oils on hepatic collagen metabolism. Ann Nutr Metab.
1991;35(5):253-60. [6] Grant R, Basson PA, Booker HH, Hofherr JB, Anthonissen M. Cardiomyopathy caused by avocado (Persea americana Mill) leaves.
J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1991 Mar;62(1):21-2. [7] Stadler P, van Rensburg IB, Naude TW. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1991 Dec;62(4):186-8. Suspected avocado (Persea
americana) poisoning in goats. [8] Ojewole JA and Amabeoku GJ Anticonvulsant effect of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) (Avocado) leaf aqueous
extract in mice. Phytother Res. 2006 Jun 14; [9] Unlu NZ,et al, Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of
avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):431-6. [10] Pieterse Z, Jerling JC, Oosthuizen W, Kruger HS, Hanekom SM, Smuts CM, Schutte AE.
Substitution of high monounsaturated fatty acid avocado for mixed dietary fats during an energy-restricted diet: effects on weight loss, serum lipids,
fibrinogen, and vascular function. Nutrition. 2005 Jan;21(1):67-75. [11] Lu QY, Arteaga JR, Zhang Q, Huerta S, Go VL, Heber D. Inhibition of prostate
cancer cell growth by an avocado extract: role of lipid-soluble bioactive substances. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jan;16(1):23-30. [12] Mauviel A, Loyau G,
Pujol JP. Effect of unsaponifiable extracts of avocado and soybean (Piascledine) on the collagenolytic action of cultures of human rheumatoid synoviocytes
and rabbit articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1991 Apr;58(4):241-5. [13] Henrotin YE, Deberg MA, Crielaard JM,
Piccardi N, Msika P, Sanchez C. Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables Prevent the Inhibitory Effect of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Osteoblasts on Aggrecan and
Type II Collagen Synthesis by Chondrocytes. J Rheumatol. 2006 Jul 1 [14] Andriamanalijaona R, Benateau H, Barre PE, Boumediene K, Labbe D,
Compere JF, Pujol JP. Effect of Interleukin-1beta on Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Expression in Human Periodontal
Ligament and Alveolar Bone Cells in Culture: Modulation by Avocado and Soybean Unsaponifiables. J Periodontol. 2006 Jul;77(7):1156-1166. [15]
Angermann P. Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritisUgeskr Laeger. 2005 Aug 15;167(33):3023-5. [16] Ernst
E. Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) for osteoarthritis - a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2003 Oct;22(4-5):285-8. [17] Henrotin YE,
Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables increase aggrecan synthesis and reduce catabolic and proinflammatory mediator production by human osteoarthritic
chondrocytes. J Rheumatol. 2003 Aug;30(8):1825-34. [18] Lequesne M, Structural effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on joint space loss in
osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Feb;47(1):50-8. [19] Appelboom T, Schuermans J, Verbruggen G, Henrotin Y, Reginster JY. Symptoms
modifying effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in knee osteoarthritis. A double blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study. Scand J
Rheumatol. 2001;30(4):242-7. [20] Kawagishi H, et al Liver injury suppressing compounds from avocado (Persea americana). J Agric Food Chem. 2001
May;49(5):2215-21. [21] Kim OK, et al, An avocado constituent, persenone A, suppresses expression of inducible forms of nitric oxide synthase and
cyclooxygenase in macrophages, and hydrogen peroxide generation in mouse skin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 Nov;64(11):2504-7. [22]
Carranza-Madrigal J, et al, Effects of a vegetarian diet vs. a vegetarian diet enriched with avocado in hypercholesterolemic patients. Arch Med Res. 1997
Winter;28(4):537-41. [23] Alvizouri-Munoz M, et al, Effects of avocado as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipid levels. Arch Med Res.
1992 Winter;23(4):163-7. [24] Lopez Ledesma R, et al, Monounsaturated fatty acid (avocado) rich diet for mild hypercholesterolemia. Arch Med Res.
1996 Winter;27(4):519-23. [25] Telez-Diaz G, et al, Prevalence of avocado allergy among atopic patients. Allergy Proc. 1995 Sep-Oct;16(5):241-3. [26]
Carranza J, Effects of avocado on the level of blood lipids in patients with phenotype II and IV dyslipidemiasArch Inst Cardiol Mex. 1995
Jul-Aug;65(4):342-8. [27] Burger WP, et al, Cardiomyopathy in ostriches (Struthio camelus) due to avocado (Persea americana var. guatemalensis)
intoxication. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1994 Sep;65(3):113-8. [28] Blanco C, et al, Avocado hypersensitivity. Allergy. 1994 Jul;49(6):454-9. [29] Buoro IB, et al,
Putative avocado toxicity in two dogs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1994 Mar;61(1):107-9.
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