STIMULANTS - GROWTH HORMONE
SECRETION; RESEARCH REVIEW
SECRETION; RESEARCH REVIEW
GROWTH HORMONE SCRETION STIMULATION
by Zhion April 2005
The growth hormone (GH) secretion declines by 14% with each
decade of adult life. Several attempts have been made to reverse the
manifestations of the senile GH deficiency, termed somatopause, but
GH substitution treatment in old age has not yet developed an
established regimen
GHRH GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) is an effective inducer of GH
release in growing calves.
[Itoh F et al, GH secretory responses to ghrelin and GHRH in growing
and lactating dairy cattle, Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2005
Jan;28(1):34-45.]
ACIPIMOX- Acipimox is a nicotinic acid analog which has been shown
to stimulate growth hormone secretion in adult and short healthy
prepubertal children. In the study of the children, no side effects
other than mild facial flushing were noted after acipimox
administration. [Lanes R et al, Acipimox, a nicotinic acid analog,
stimulates growth hormone secretion in short healthy prepubertal
children , J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep-Oct;13(8):1115-20.
ESTRADIOL- Estradiol stimulates pulsatile growth hormone secretion,
at least in part, possibly by enhancing the release and/or action of
hypothalamic growth hormone releasing hormone. [Veldhuis JD et al,
Estradiol supplementation in postmenopausal women doubles
rebound-like release of growth hormone (GH) triggered by sequential
infusion and withdrawal of somatostatin: evidence that estrogen
facilitates endogenous GH-releasing hormone drive, J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 2004 Jan;89(1):121-7].
Subcutaneous injection of estradiol to ovariectomized goats
increased the GH pulse amplitude and AUC. [Yonezawa T,
Modulation of Growth Hormone Pulsatility by Sex Steroids in Female
Goats Endocrinology. 2005 Mar 10]
GHRELIN- Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion via growth
hormone secretagogue receptors, and it increases appetite. Ghrelin
secretion in the stomach depends on both acute and chronic
changes in energy balance. Presently available data support the
hypothesis that the stomach, in addition to its important role in
digestion, not only influences pituitary hormone secretion via ghrelin
production but it also sends orexigenic (caloric intake , appetite
increasing) signals to hypothalamic nuclei involved in the regulation
of energy homeostasis. Abnormal ghrelin activity leads to over- or
underweight. [Garweg C, Ghrelin and obesity, Rev Med Liege. 2005
Jan;60(1):35-40]. [Chanoine JP, Ghrelin in Growth and Development,
Horm Res. 2005 Mar 24;63(3):129-138] Pusztai P , Ghrelin: a new
peptide regulating the neurohormonal system and energy
homeostasis, Orv Hetil. 2004 Dec 19;145(51):2569-73] [Hashizume T
et al, Effects of ghrelin on growth hormone secretion in vivo in
ruminants , Regul Pept. 2005 Mar 15;126(1-2):61-5.
RIVASTIGMINE- Rivastigmine, a cerebral selective
cholinesterase-inhibitor (ChEI), was shown to be a powerful drug to
enhance GH release to repeated GHRH stimulation in healthy elderly
human subjects. [Obermayr RP et al, The age-related
down-regulation of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1
axis in the elderly male is reversed considerably by donepezil, a drug
for Alzheimer's disease, Exp Gerontol. 2005 Mar;40(3):157-163.
Epub 2004 Dec 23.]
ASTRAGALUS- Kim C et al at Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine
found A. Radix extract induced growth hormone release in the rat
pituitary cell culture. [Kim C et al, Induction of growth hormone by the
roots of Astragalus membranaceus in pituitary cell culture, Arch
Pharm Res. 2003 Jan;26(1):34-9]
ZN LI L et al at 304th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing
found that supplementation of Zn rapidly raised the Zn and growth
hormone serum levels. [Li L et al, Effects of supplement Zn on levels
of Zn in serum, growth hormone and hydroxyproline, Zhonghua
Zheng Xing Shao Shang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 1998 Nov;14(6):425-8.
Acute supplementation with zinc or vitamin E did not influence the
effects of exhaustive running on metabolic and endocrine responses
in women. [Singh A et al, Neuroendocrine responses to running in
women after zinc and vitamin E supplementation, Med Sci Sports
Exerc. 1999 Apr;31(4):536-42.]
ARGININE Cochard A et al at Laboratoire du jeune ruminant, France
found that arginine increased growth hormone in a dose-dependent
manner. [Cochard A et al, Plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin and
amino acid responses to arginine with or without aspartic acid in pigs.
Effect of the dose, Reprod Nutr Dev. 1998 May-Jun;38(3):331-43]
Japanese had similar findings from a study of rats [Hebiguchi T et al,
The effect of arginine supplementation on growth hormone release
and intestinal mucosal growth after massive small bowel resection in
growing rats, J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Aug;32(8):1149-53.]
HOWEVER, Marcell TJ et al at University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, found that Arg does not stimulate GH secretion and may
impair GH release during resistive exercise. [Marcell TJ et al, Oral
arginine does not stimulate basal or augment exercise-induced GH
secretion in either young or old adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.
1999 Aug;54(8):M395-9.] Fligger JM et al, also found supplementary
L-Arg does not increase plasma GH concentrations. [Fligger JM et al,
Arginine supplementation increases weight gain, depresses antibody
production, and alters circulating leukocyte profiles in preruminant
calves without affecting plasma growth hormone concentrations., J
Anim Sci. 1997 Nov;75(11):3019-25.]
FIBER ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS- Houseknecht KL et al at University
of Georgia, Athens found that basal growth hormone concentration
and peak amplitude were higher in low energy-fiber than in high
energy-starch and high energy-fiber treatments. [Houseknecht KL et
al, Effect of dietary energy source and level on serum growth
hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, growth and body composition in
beef heifers, J Anim Sci. 1988 Nov;66(11):2916-23.]
On the other hand, high-protein diet is found to decrease plasma
growth hormone levels. [Clarke IJ et al, Effect of high-protein feed
supplements on concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like
growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 in plasma and on the
amounts of GH and messenger RNA for GH in the pituitary glands of
adult rams. J Endocrinol. 1993 Sep;138(3):421-7]
GLUCOCORTICOID- A stimulation of specific growth hormone
synthesis was observed at 10(-9) M dexamethasone, and the
maximum stimulation was found at dexamethasone concentrations of
about 10(-8) to 10(-7) M in a study of rat pituitary cell suspension
culture. [Yu LY et al, Glucocorticoid induction of growth hormone
synthesis in a strain of rat pituitary cells, J Biol Chem. 1977 Jun
10;252(11):3870-5.]
GLYCINE, GLUTAMINE AND NIACIN- Arwert LI et al at VU University
Medical Center, The Netherlands found that oral mixture of glycine,
glutamine and niacin can enhance GH secretion in healthy
middle-aged and elderly subjects in their study of 14 men and 29
women. [Arwert LI et al, Effects of an oral mixture containing glycine,
glutamine and niacin on memory, growth hormone and IGF-I
secretion in middle-aged and elderly subjects, utr Neurosci. 2003
Oct;6(5):269-75.]
CREATINE- In resting conditions and at high dosages creatine
enhances growth hormone secretion, mimicking the response of
strong exercise which also stimulates growth hormone secretion.
[Schedel JM et al, Acute creatine loading enhances human growth
hormone secretion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000
Dec;40(4):336-42.]
L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L: -DOPA) is considered as an
anti-parkinsonian chemical against parkinsonian symptoms. [Amino
Acids. 2005 Mar;28(2):157-64. Epub 2005 Mar 9]. But, it may induce
neurotoxicity. [Neurotox Res. 2003;5(3):165-76.] A 500 mg L-Dopa
administration in normal and cirrhotic subjects does not determinate a
significant varation of plasma glucose and insulin level, while a peak
plasma GH level in both cirrhotic and normal subjects occurred at 90'
with a significantly greates values in cirrhotics. [Greco AV et al, GH
secretion after L-dopa administration in hepatic cirrhosis, Minerva
Med. 1976 Oct 6;67(47):3027-32.]
Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine administration increases the
growth hormone (GH) responses to GH-release hormone of young
and elderly subjects. [Horm Metab Res. 1992 Mar;24(3):119-21],
alpha-GPC is able to increase the amount of acetylcholine released
by rat hippocampus slices following potassium stimulation [Pharmacol
Biochem Behav. 1991 Aug;39(4):835-40]
YOU SHOULD CHECK AND UNDERSTAND THE SIDE-EFFECTS OF
ANY GROWTH HORMONE PRODUCTS WITH YOUR DOCTOR
BEFORE USING THEM.
THIS ARICLE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. YOU SHOULD
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR BEFORE USING ANY PRODUCT OR
ANY QUESTION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2006
by Zhion April 2005
The growth hormone (GH) secretion declines by 14% with each
decade of adult life. Several attempts have been made to reverse the
manifestations of the senile GH deficiency, termed somatopause, but
GH substitution treatment in old age has not yet developed an
established regimen
GHRH GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) is an effective inducer of GH
release in growing calves.
[Itoh F et al, GH secretory responses to ghrelin and GHRH in growing
and lactating dairy cattle, Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2005
Jan;28(1):34-45.]
ACIPIMOX- Acipimox is a nicotinic acid analog which has been shown
to stimulate growth hormone secretion in adult and short healthy
prepubertal children. In the study of the children, no side effects
other than mild facial flushing were noted after acipimox
administration. [Lanes R et al, Acipimox, a nicotinic acid analog,
stimulates growth hormone secretion in short healthy prepubertal
children , J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep-Oct;13(8):1115-20.
ESTRADIOL- Estradiol stimulates pulsatile growth hormone secretion,
at least in part, possibly by enhancing the release and/or action of
hypothalamic growth hormone releasing hormone. [Veldhuis JD et al,
Estradiol supplementation in postmenopausal women doubles
rebound-like release of growth hormone (GH) triggered by sequential
infusion and withdrawal of somatostatin: evidence that estrogen
facilitates endogenous GH-releasing hormone drive, J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 2004 Jan;89(1):121-7].
Subcutaneous injection of estradiol to ovariectomized goats
increased the GH pulse amplitude and AUC. [Yonezawa T,
Modulation of Growth Hormone Pulsatility by Sex Steroids in Female
Goats Endocrinology. 2005 Mar 10]
GHRELIN- Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion via growth
hormone secretagogue receptors, and it increases appetite. Ghrelin
secretion in the stomach depends on both acute and chronic
changes in energy balance. Presently available data support the
hypothesis that the stomach, in addition to its important role in
digestion, not only influences pituitary hormone secretion via ghrelin
production but it also sends orexigenic (caloric intake , appetite
increasing) signals to hypothalamic nuclei involved in the regulation
of energy homeostasis. Abnormal ghrelin activity leads to over- or
underweight. [Garweg C, Ghrelin and obesity, Rev Med Liege. 2005
Jan;60(1):35-40]. [Chanoine JP, Ghrelin in Growth and Development,
Horm Res. 2005 Mar 24;63(3):129-138] Pusztai P , Ghrelin: a new
peptide regulating the neurohormonal system and energy
homeostasis, Orv Hetil. 2004 Dec 19;145(51):2569-73] [Hashizume T
et al, Effects of ghrelin on growth hormone secretion in vivo in
ruminants , Regul Pept. 2005 Mar 15;126(1-2):61-5.
RIVASTIGMINE- Rivastigmine, a cerebral selective
cholinesterase-inhibitor (ChEI), was shown to be a powerful drug to
enhance GH release to repeated GHRH stimulation in healthy elderly
human subjects. [Obermayr RP et al, The age-related
down-regulation of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1
axis in the elderly male is reversed considerably by donepezil, a drug
for Alzheimer's disease, Exp Gerontol. 2005 Mar;40(3):157-163.
Epub 2004 Dec 23.]
ASTRAGALUS- Kim C et al at Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine
found A. Radix extract induced growth hormone release in the rat
pituitary cell culture. [Kim C et al, Induction of growth hormone by the
roots of Astragalus membranaceus in pituitary cell culture, Arch
Pharm Res. 2003 Jan;26(1):34-9]
ZN LI L et al at 304th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing
found that supplementation of Zn rapidly raised the Zn and growth
hormone serum levels. [Li L et al, Effects of supplement Zn on levels
of Zn in serum, growth hormone and hydroxyproline, Zhonghua
Zheng Xing Shao Shang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 1998 Nov;14(6):425-8.
Acute supplementation with zinc or vitamin E did not influence the
effects of exhaustive running on metabolic and endocrine responses
in women. [Singh A et al, Neuroendocrine responses to running in
women after zinc and vitamin E supplementation, Med Sci Sports
Exerc. 1999 Apr;31(4):536-42.]
ARGININE Cochard A et al at Laboratoire du jeune ruminant, France
found that arginine increased growth hormone in a dose-dependent
manner. [Cochard A et al, Plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin and
amino acid responses to arginine with or without aspartic acid in pigs.
Effect of the dose, Reprod Nutr Dev. 1998 May-Jun;38(3):331-43]
Japanese had similar findings from a study of rats [Hebiguchi T et al,
The effect of arginine supplementation on growth hormone release
and intestinal mucosal growth after massive small bowel resection in
growing rats, J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Aug;32(8):1149-53.]
HOWEVER, Marcell TJ et al at University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, found that Arg does not stimulate GH secretion and may
impair GH release during resistive exercise. [Marcell TJ et al, Oral
arginine does not stimulate basal or augment exercise-induced GH
secretion in either young or old adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.
1999 Aug;54(8):M395-9.] Fligger JM et al, also found supplementary
L-Arg does not increase plasma GH concentrations. [Fligger JM et al,
Arginine supplementation increases weight gain, depresses antibody
production, and alters circulating leukocyte profiles in preruminant
calves without affecting plasma growth hormone concentrations., J
Anim Sci. 1997 Nov;75(11):3019-25.]
FIBER ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS- Houseknecht KL et al at University
of Georgia, Athens found that basal growth hormone concentration
and peak amplitude were higher in low energy-fiber than in high
energy-starch and high energy-fiber treatments. [Houseknecht KL et
al, Effect of dietary energy source and level on serum growth
hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, growth and body composition in
beef heifers, J Anim Sci. 1988 Nov;66(11):2916-23.]
On the other hand, high-protein diet is found to decrease plasma
growth hormone levels. [Clarke IJ et al, Effect of high-protein feed
supplements on concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like
growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 in plasma and on the
amounts of GH and messenger RNA for GH in the pituitary glands of
adult rams. J Endocrinol. 1993 Sep;138(3):421-7]
GLUCOCORTICOID- A stimulation of specific growth hormone
synthesis was observed at 10(-9) M dexamethasone, and the
maximum stimulation was found at dexamethasone concentrations of
about 10(-8) to 10(-7) M in a study of rat pituitary cell suspension
culture. [Yu LY et al, Glucocorticoid induction of growth hormone
synthesis in a strain of rat pituitary cells, J Biol Chem. 1977 Jun
10;252(11):3870-5.]
GLYCINE, GLUTAMINE AND NIACIN- Arwert LI et al at VU University
Medical Center, The Netherlands found that oral mixture of glycine,
glutamine and niacin can enhance GH secretion in healthy
middle-aged and elderly subjects in their study of 14 men and 29
women. [Arwert LI et al, Effects of an oral mixture containing glycine,
glutamine and niacin on memory, growth hormone and IGF-I
secretion in middle-aged and elderly subjects, utr Neurosci. 2003
Oct;6(5):269-75.]
CREATINE- In resting conditions and at high dosages creatine
enhances growth hormone secretion, mimicking the response of
strong exercise which also stimulates growth hormone secretion.
[Schedel JM et al, Acute creatine loading enhances human growth
hormone secretion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000
Dec;40(4):336-42.]
L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L: -DOPA) is considered as an
anti-parkinsonian chemical against parkinsonian symptoms. [Amino
Acids. 2005 Mar;28(2):157-64. Epub 2005 Mar 9]. But, it may induce
neurotoxicity. [Neurotox Res. 2003;5(3):165-76.] A 500 mg L-Dopa
administration in normal and cirrhotic subjects does not determinate a
significant varation of plasma glucose and insulin level, while a peak
plasma GH level in both cirrhotic and normal subjects occurred at 90'
with a significantly greates values in cirrhotics. [Greco AV et al, GH
secretion after L-dopa administration in hepatic cirrhosis, Minerva
Med. 1976 Oct 6;67(47):3027-32.]
Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine administration increases the
growth hormone (GH) responses to GH-release hormone of young
and elderly subjects. [Horm Metab Res. 1992 Mar;24(3):119-21],
alpha-GPC is able to increase the amount of acetylcholine released
by rat hippocampus slices following potassium stimulation [Pharmacol
Biochem Behav. 1991 Aug;39(4):835-40]
YOU SHOULD CHECK AND UNDERSTAND THE SIDE-EFFECTS OF
ANY GROWTH HORMONE PRODUCTS WITH YOUR DOCTOR
BEFORE USING THEM.
THIS ARICLE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. YOU SHOULD
CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR BEFORE USING ANY PRODUCT OR
ANY QUESTION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2006
| Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) The bodies of some children don't produce enough growth hormone on their own. If a child is in lack of growth hormone, there will be a noticeable slowing of growth in height. Other signs and symptoms for children with growth hormone deficiency may include hypoglycemia (very low blood sugars), seizures and "looking younger" than other kids. [mycommunicare.com online publication, April 26, 2005] |
| Genotropin (somatropin [rDNA origin] for injection) is an exact copy of the natural growth hormone. Genotropin is used with the child fails to grow because his or her body does not produce enough growth hormone. Growth hormone therapy should not be used in patients suffered from cancer. Growth hormone deficiency .mycommunicare.com, on-line publication, April 2005. |
