| Ghrelin- Growth Hormone Release |
| Growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) are small synthetic molecules. They stimulate the growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary gland through the G-protein-coupled receptor (GHS-R). |
Growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) are small synthetic
molecules. They stimulate the growth hormone (GH) release from
the pituitary gland through the G-protein-coupled receptor (GHS-R).
[1]
In the past, GHS-R was an orphan receptor, because it had no
known natural ligand. Recently, researchers have identified the
natural ligand for the GHS-R and they called it ghrelin. [2]
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid acylated peptide.
The release of GH from the pituitary grand might be regulated not
only by the GHRH (GH-releasing hormone) but also by ghrelin
produced by the stomach, intestine, placenta, pituitary and possibly
in the hypothalamus.[1,2, 4] Ghrelin and its receptor are widely
distributed in the body, however, the greatest expression of glrelin is
in stomach endocrine cells.
Admiinstration of exogenous ghrelin has been shown to stimulate
pituitary GH secretion, appetitie, body growth and fat deposition.
Thus, it is an anabolic hormone. [5]
Ghrelin stimulates appetite by acting on the hypothalamic arcuate
nucleus. Ghrelin is secreted from the stomach and circulates in the
bloodstream under fasting conditions. This activity may transmit a
hunger singal to central nervous system or induces
appetite-stimulating effect and adiposity in rat. [1] Ghrelin is a
natural leptin antagonist. [3] In general, plasma ghrelin levels are low
in obese human subjects and after food intake. And, it increases
during starvation and in patients with mental anorexia. In addition,
ghrelin plasma levels are negatively correlated with body mass
index, amount of body fat, adipocyte size, and leptin, insulin and
glucose levels. [6,7]
REFERENCES
[1] Kojima M et al, Ghrelin: structure and function, Physiol Rev 2005
Apr,85(2):495-522. [2] Kojima M et al, Ghrelin: discovery of the natural
endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Trends
Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;12(3):118-22. [3] Kojima M Ghrelin: a novel
growth-hormone releasing peptide. Nippon Rinsho. 2001 Jul;59(7):1400-7. [4]
Horath TL et al, Minireview: ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance-a
hypothalamic perspective. Endocrinology. 2001 oct;142(10):4163-9. [5] Wang G
et al Ghrelin-not just another stomach hormone. Regul Pept. 2002 May
15;105(2):75-81. [6] Ukkola O et al, Ghrelin, growth and obesity. Ann Med.
2002;34(2):102-8. [7] Bronsky J et al, Ghrelin-structure, function and clinical
applications. Cesk Fysiol 2004;53(2):80-5.
THIS ARTICLE IS FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION, YOU
SHOULD CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2005 zhion.
molecules. They stimulate the growth hormone (GH) release from
the pituitary gland through the G-protein-coupled receptor (GHS-R).
[1]
In the past, GHS-R was an orphan receptor, because it had no
known natural ligand. Recently, researchers have identified the
natural ligand for the GHS-R and they called it ghrelin. [2]
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid acylated peptide.
The release of GH from the pituitary grand might be regulated not
only by the GHRH (GH-releasing hormone) but also by ghrelin
produced by the stomach, intestine, placenta, pituitary and possibly
in the hypothalamus.[1,2, 4] Ghrelin and its receptor are widely
distributed in the body, however, the greatest expression of glrelin is
in stomach endocrine cells.
Admiinstration of exogenous ghrelin has been shown to stimulate
pituitary GH secretion, appetitie, body growth and fat deposition.
Thus, it is an anabolic hormone. [5]
Ghrelin stimulates appetite by acting on the hypothalamic arcuate
nucleus. Ghrelin is secreted from the stomach and circulates in the
bloodstream under fasting conditions. This activity may transmit a
hunger singal to central nervous system or induces
appetite-stimulating effect and adiposity in rat. [1] Ghrelin is a
natural leptin antagonist. [3] In general, plasma ghrelin levels are low
in obese human subjects and after food intake. And, it increases
during starvation and in patients with mental anorexia. In addition,
ghrelin plasma levels are negatively correlated with body mass
index, amount of body fat, adipocyte size, and leptin, insulin and
glucose levels. [6,7]
REFERENCES
[1] Kojima M et al, Ghrelin: structure and function, Physiol Rev 2005
Apr,85(2):495-522. [2] Kojima M et al, Ghrelin: discovery of the natural
endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Trends
Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;12(3):118-22. [3] Kojima M Ghrelin: a novel
growth-hormone releasing peptide. Nippon Rinsho. 2001 Jul;59(7):1400-7. [4]
Horath TL et al, Minireview: ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance-a
hypothalamic perspective. Endocrinology. 2001 oct;142(10):4163-9. [5] Wang G
et al Ghrelin-not just another stomach hormone. Regul Pept. 2002 May
15;105(2):75-81. [6] Ukkola O et al, Ghrelin, growth and obesity. Ann Med.
2002;34(2):102-8. [7] Bronsky J et al, Ghrelin-structure, function and clinical
applications. Cesk Fysiol 2004;53(2):80-5.
THIS ARTICLE IS FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION, YOU
SHOULD CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2005 zhion.
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levothyroxine
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INDUSTRY
Foundamental
Science
Colloidal
Stabilization
Drug Product
Development
Patent Application
Product
Development
Product
Ingredients
Colorant
Scale up a batch 1
Drug Delivery
Industry
Drug Delivery -
Smart Bomb
Lotion, Cream,
Preps
Enteric
Coating-Eudragit
Enteric
Coating-Nutrateric
SR
Coating-Aquacoat
Drug Industry
Drug
Competitions
Drug in
Development
Cholesterol-loweri
ng
Drug-Terminologi
es
Packaging
Materials
Market
Drug Dev- 2004
Drug Dev -
2005Q1
Drug Dev-
2005Q2
Drug
Dev-2005Summer
Drug Dev-2005Q3
Orphan Drug
Protein Drug
Niche Market
Novo Norkdisk
R&D
Equipment
Blenders
CONTRACT
MANUFACT.
Nutrition
Supplements
NEW DRUGS
Arranon
Actoplus Met
Alfuzosin
Ambien CR
Avastin
Asmanex(R)
Erbitux
(cetuximab)
Gardasil
GRN163
Herceptin
Increlex (rhIGF-1)
Lidoerm
(Lidocaine)
Liraglutide
Lyrica
(pregabalin)
Rozerem
Sorafenib
Sutent
Tamsulosin
Torcetrapib
Zometa
OLD DRUGS
Lithium
Carbonate
DRUG NOTES
[CONSTRUCT]
Clinical Research
Terminologies
FDA ALERTS
Protein Drug
Market
Niche Market
Orphan Drug
levothyroxine
Protein Drug 1
Protein Drug2
Double-blind
Study
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