Selenium and its health
advantages
What is selenium? What are the health benefits of selenium?

Selenium is a trace mineral essential to good health [1.2]. Selenium
asserts its health benefits via the production of selenoproteins.
Selenium is incorporated into proteins to make selenoproteins.
Selenoproteins are antioxdants to help prevent cellular damage from
free radicals. Free radicals are natural by-products of oxygen
metabolism that may contribute to the development of chronic
diseases such as cancer and heart disease [2,3]. Selenoproteins help
regulate thyroid function and play a role in the immune system [4-7].
Selenium may provide important health benefits to people whose
oxidative stress loads are high, such as those with inflammatory or
infectious diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or human
immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or who
are at high risk for cancers, particularly prostate cancer. [A2]
Therefore, some people consider selenium as a vitamin offering
multiple health benefits.

What are the food sources of selenium?
Plant foods are the major food sources of selenium. The content of
selenium in food depends on the selenium content of the soil where
plants are grown or animals are raised. For example, soils in northern
Nebraska and the Dakotas have very high levels of selenium. People
living in those regions generally have the highest selenium intakes in
the United States (U.S.) [8]. In the U.S., food distribution patterns
across the country help prevent people living in low-selenium
geographic areas from having selenium deficiency. Soils in some parts
of China and Russia have very low amounts of selenium. Selenium
deficiency is often reported in those regions because most food in
those areas is grown and eaten locally.

Other foods with selenium include some meats and seafood. Animals
that eat grains or plants that were grown in selenium-rich soil have
higher levels of selenium in their muscle. In the U.S., meats and bread
are common sources of dietary selenium [9,10] Some nuts are also
sources of selenium.

Selenium content of foods can vary. For example, Brazil nuts may
contain as much as 544 micrograms of selenium per ounce. They also
may contain far less selenium. It is wise to eat Brazil nuts only
occasionally because of their unusually high intake of selenium. Other
common food sources of selenium include tuna, beef, spaghetti, cod,
turkey, chicken, noodles, macaroni, egg, cottage cheese, oatmeal, rice,
bread and walnuts.

What is the recommended dosage for selenium?
Recommendations for selenium are provided in the Dietary Reference
Intakes developed by the Institute of Medicine [12]. The
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for selenium for healthy
adults is 55 ug/day.

When can selenium deficiency occur?
Human selenium deficiency is seen, where soil concentration of
selenium is low [15]. There is evidence that selenium deficiency may
contribute to development of a form of heart disease, hypothyroidism,
and a weakened immune system [16,17].

Selenium deficiency can also make the body more susceptible to
illnesses caused by other nutritional, biochemical or infectious stresses
[18].

Three specific diseases frequently associated with selenium deficiency
are Keshan Disease [enlarged heart and poor heart function],
Kashin-Beck Disease [osteoarthropathy] and Myxedematous Endemic
Cretinism [mental retardation].

Keshan disease was first described in the early 1930s in China, and is
still seen in large areas of the Chinese countryside with selenium poor
soil [18]. Dietary intake in these areas is less than 19 micrograms per
day for men and less than 13 micrograms per day for women,
significantly lower than the current RDA for selenium [12]. Researchers
believe that selenium deficient people infected with a specific virus are
most likely to develop Keshan disease [18,19].

Selenium deficiency has also been seen in people who rely on total
parenteral nutrition (TPN) as their sole source of nutrition [20,21]. TPN
is a method of feeding nutrients through an intravenous (IV) line to
people whose digestive systems do not function. Forms of nutrients
that do not require digestion are dissolved in liquid and infused
through the IV line. It is important for TPN solutions to provide
selenium in order to prevent a deficiency [22]. Physicians can monitor
the selenium status of individuals receiving TPN to make sure they are
receiving adequate amounts.

Severe gastrointestinal disorders may decrease the absorption of
selenium, resulting in selenium depletion or deficiency [23].
Gastrointestinal problems that impair selenium absorption usually
affect absorption of other nutrients as well, and require routine
monitoring of nutritional status so that appropriate medical and
nutritional treatment can be provided.

Who may need supplemental selenium?
In the U.S., most cases of selenium depletion or deficiency are
associated with severe gastrointestinal problems, such as Crohn's
disease, or with surgical removal of part of the stomach. These and
other gastrointestinal disorders can impair selenium absorption
[24-26]. People with acute severe illness who develop inflammation
and widespread infection often have decreased levels of selenium in
their blood [27]. Physicians will evaluate individuals who have
gastrointestinal disease or severe infection for depleted blood levels
of selenium to determine the need for supplementation.

People with iodine deficiency may also benefit from selenium
supplementation. Iodine deficiency is rare in the U.S., but is still
common in developing countries where access to iodine is limited [28].
Researchers believe that selenium deficiency may worsen the effects
of iodine deficiency on thyroid function, and that adequate selenium
nutritional status may help protect against some of the neurological
effects of iodine deficiency [6,7]. Researchers involved in the
Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX)
study in France, which was designed to assess the effect of vitamin
and mineral supplements on chronic disease risk, evaluated the
relationship between goiter and selenium in a subset of this research
population. Their findings suggest that selenium supplements may be
protective against goiter, which refers to enlargement of the thyroid
gland [29].

As noted above, selenium supplementation during TPN administration
is now routine [21,22]. While specific medical problems such as those
described above indicate a need for selenium supplementation,
evidence is lacking for recommending selenium supplements for
healthy children and adults.

Selenium supplements
Selenium occurs in staple foods such as corn, wheat, and soybean as
selenomethionine, the organic selenium analogue of the amino acid
methionine [30,31]. Selenomethionine can be incorporated into body
proteins in place of methionine, and serves as a vehicle for selenium
storage in organs and tissues. Selenium supplements may also
contain sodium selenite and sodium selenate, two inorganic forms of
selenium. Selenomethionine is generally considered to be the best
absorbed and utilized form of selenium.

Selenium is also available in 'high selenium yeasts', which may contain
as much as 1,000 to 2,000 micrograms of selenium per gram [30].
Most of the selenium in these yeasts is in the form of
selenomethionine. This form of selenium was used in the large scale
cancer prevention trial in 1983, which demonstrated that taking a daily
supplement [dosage: 200 micrograms of selenium per day] could
lower the risk of developing prostate, lung, and colorectal cancer [32].
However, some yeasts may contain inorganic forms of selenium, which
are not utilized as well as selenomethionine.

A study conducted in 1995 suggested that the organic forms of
selenium increased blood selenium concentration to a greater extent
than inorganic forms. However, it did not significantly improve the
activity of the selenium-dependent enzyme, glutathione peroxidase
[33].

Selenium and Cancer
Observational studies indicate that death from cancer, including lung,
colorectal, and prostate cancers, is lower among people with higher
blood levels or intake of selenium [34-40]. In addition, the incidence of
nonmelanoma skin cancer is significantly higher in areas of the United
States with low soil selenium content [37]. The effect of selenium
supplementation on the recurrence of different types of skin cancers
was studied in seven dermatology clinics in the U.S. from 1983
through the early 1990s. Taking a daily supplement with dosage of
200 ug of selenium did not affect recurrence of skin cancer, but
significantly reduced the occurrence and death from total cancers. The
incidence of prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer was
notably lower in the group given selenium supplements [41].

Research suggests that selenium affects cancer risk in two ways. As
an anti-oxidant, selenium can help protect the body from damaging
effects of free radicals. Selenium may also prevent or slow tumor
growth. Certain breakdown products of selenium are believed to
prevent tumor growth by enhancing immune cell activity and
suppressing development of blood vessels to the tumor [42].

Rayman MP from University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, suggested that
selenium is an unusual trace element in having its own codon in mRNA
that specifies its insertion into selenoproteins as selenocysteine
(SeCys), by means of a mechanism requiring a large SeCys-insertion
complex. This exacting insertion machinery for selenoprotein
production has implications for the selenium requirements for cancer
prevention. If selenium may protect against cancer, an adequate
intake of selenium is desirable. [A1]

However, not all studies have shown a relationship between selenium
status and cancer. In 1982, over 60,000 participants of the Nurse's
Health Study with no history of cancer submitted toenail clippings for
selenium analysis. Toenails are thought to reflect selenium status over
the previous year. After three and a half years of data collection,
researchers compared toenail selenium levels of nurses with and
without cancer. Those nurses with higher levels of selenium in their
toenails did not have a reduced risk of cancer [43]. Current primary
and secondary prevention trials of selenium are underway in the USA,
including the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)
relating to prostate cancer, [A1]

Selenium and heart disease
Some population surveys have suggested an association between
lower antioxidant intake and a greater incidence of heart disease [46].
Evidence also suggests that oxidative stress from free radicals, which
are natural by-products of oxygen metabolism, may promote heart
disease [47-49]. For example, it is the oxidized form of low-density
lipoproteins (LDL, often called "bad" cholesterol) that promotes plaque
build-up in coronary arteries [48]. Selenium is one of a group of
antioxidants that may help limit the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and
thereby help to prevent coronary artery disease [47-49]..

Selenium and arthritis
Surveys indicate that individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic
disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in
joints, have reduced selenium levels in their blood [50-51]. In addition,
some individuals with arthritis have a low selenium intake [52].

The body's immune system naturally makes free radicals that can help
destroy invading organisms and damaged tissue, but that can also
harm healthy tissue [53]. Selenium, as an antioxidant, may help to
relieve symptoms of arthritis by controlling levels of free radicals [54].

Selenium and HIV
HIV/AIDS malabsorption can deplete levels of many nutrients, including
selenium. Selenium deficiency is associated with decreased immune
cell counts, increased disease progression, and high risk of death in
the HIV/AIDS population [55,56]. HIV/AIDS gradually destroys the
immune system, and oxidative stress may contribute to further
damage of immune cells. Antioxidant nutrients such as selenium help
protect cells from oxidative stress, thus potentially slowing
progression of the disease [57]. Selenium also may be needed for the
replication of the HIV virus, which could further deplete levels of
selenium [58].

An examination of 125 HIV-positive men and women linked selenium
deficiency with a higher rate of death from HIV [59]. In a small study of
24 children with HIV who were observed for five years, those with low
selenium levels died at a younger age, which may indicate faster
disease progression [60]. Results of research studies have led experts
to suggest that selenium status may be a significant predictor of
survival for those infected with HIV [61].

What are the side effects of selenium? Is high dose of selenium
poisoning?
Within the recommended daily allowance, selenium appears to be
safe. However, high blood levels of selenium (greater than 100 ug/dL)
can lead to a side effect called selenosis [62]. Symptoms of selenosis
include gastrointestinal upsets, hair loss, white blotchy nails, garlic
breath odor, fatigue, irritability, and mild nerve damage [2].
Selenium toxicity is rare. The few reported cases have been
associated with industrial accidents and a manufacturing error that led
to an excessively high dose of selenium in a supplement [63,64]. The
Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences has set a
tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium at 400 micrograms per
day for adults to prevent the risk of developing the side effect, i.e.
selenosis [12].

Reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document and the information provided herein
is believed to be accurate. The information is not intended to be a substitute for professional
medical advice. It is important to seek the advice of a physician about any medical condition or
symptom. It is also important to seek the advice of a physician, registered dietitian, pharmacist,
or other qualified health professional about the appropriateness of taking dietary supplements
and their potential interactions with medications. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2008
the relationship was established. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57 (2 Suppl):244S-8S. 8 Longnecker MP, Taylor PR, Levander OA, Howe
M, Veillon C, McAdam PA, Patterson KY, Holden JM, Stampfer MJ, Morris JS, Willett WC. Selenium in diet, blood, and toenails
in relation to human health in a seleniferous area. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1288-94. 9 Pennington JA and Schoen SA.
Contributions of food groups to estimated intakes of nutritional elements: Results from the FDA total diet studies, 1982-91.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1996;66:342-9. 10 Pennington JA and Young BE. Total diet study nutritional elements. J Am Diet Assoc
1991;91:179-83. 11 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2003. USDA National Nutrient Database for
Standard Reference, Release 16. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page 12 Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board.
Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000.
13 Bialostosky K, Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J, McDowell M, Johnson CL. Dietary intake of macronutrients,
micronutrients and other dietary constituents: United States 1988-94. Vital Heath Stat. 11(245) ed: National Center for Health
Statistics, 2002. 14 Zhou BF, Stamler J, Dennis B, Moag-Stahlberg A, Okuda N, Robertson C, Zhao L, Chan Q, Elliott P for the
INTERMAP Research Group. Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United
States in the alte 1990s: The INTERMAP Study. J of Human Hypertension. 2003;17:623-30. 15 Ellis DR and Salt DE. Plants,
selenium and human health. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2003;6:273-9. 16 Combs GF. Food system-based approaches to improving
micronutrient nutrition: the case for selenium. Biofactors 2000;12:39-43. 17 Zimmerman MB and Kohrle J. The impact of iron
and selenium deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: biochemistry and relevance to public health. Thyroid
2002;12:867-78. 18 Beck MA, Levander O, Handy J. Selenium deficiency and viral infection. J of Nutr 2003;133:1463S-67S. 19
Levander OA and Beck MA. Interacting nutritional and infectious etiologies of Keshan disease. Insights from coxsackie virus
B-induced myocarditis in mice deficient in selenium or vitamin E. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997;56:5-21. 20 Levander OA.
Scientific rationale for the 1989 recommended dietary allowance for selenium. J Am Diet Assoc 1991;91:1572-6. 21 Gramm
HJ, Kopf A, Bratter P. The necessity of selenium substitution in total parenteral nutrition and artificial alimentation. J Trace
Elem Med Biol 1995;9:1-12. 22 Abrams CK, Siram SM, Galsim C, Johnson-Hamilton H, Munford FL, Mezghebe H. Selenium
deficiency in long-term total parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 1992;7:175-8. 23 Rannem T, Ladefoged K, Hylander E,
Hegnhoj J, Staun M. Selenium depletion in patients with gastrointestinal diseases: Are there any predictive factors? Scand J
Gastroenterol 1998;33:1057-61. 24 Kuroki F, Matsumoto T, Lida M. Selenium is depleted in Crohn's disease on enteral
nutrition. Digestive Diseases 2003;21:266-70. 25 Rannem T, Ladefoged K, Hylander E, Hegnhoj J, Jarnum S. Selenium status in
patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:933-7. 26 Bjerre B, von Schenck H, Sorbo B. Hyposelaemia: Patients
with gastrointestinal diseases are at risk. J Intern Med 1989;225:85-8. 27 Gartner R, Albrich W, Angstwurm MW. The effect
of a selenium supplementation on the outcome of patients with severe systemic inflammation, burn, and trauma. BioFactors
14 2001; 199-204. 28 Berdanier, CD. Advanced Nutrition: Micronutrients. CRC Press 1998; 208-11. 29 Derumeaux H, Valeix P,
Castetbon K, Bensimon M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Arnaud J, Hercberg S. Association of selenium with thyroid volume and
echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;148(3):309-15. 30 Schrauzer GN. Commentary:
Nutrition selenium supplements: Product types, quality, and safety. J Am College of Nutr 2001;20:1-4. 31 Schrauzer GN. The
nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicology of selenomethionine. Adv Food Nutr Res 2003:47:73-112. 32 Clark LC,
Combs Jr GF, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker D, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL,
Park HK, Sanders BB, Smith CL, Taylor JR. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with
carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 1996;276:1957-63. 33 Neve J. Human selenium
supplementation as assessed by changes in blood selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. J Trace Elem
Med Biol 1995;9:65-73. 34 Russo MW, Murray SC, Wurzelmann JI, Woosley JT, Sandler RS. Plasma selenium levels and the
risk of colorectal adenomas. Nutr Cancer 1997;28:125-9. 35 Patterson BH and Levander OA. Naturally occurring selenium
compounds in cancer chemoprevention trials: A workshop summary. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:63-9. 36
Knekt P, Marniemi J, Teppo L, Heliovaara M, Aromaa A. Is low selenium status a risk factor for lung cancer? Am J Epidemiol
1998;148:975-82. 37 Fleet JC. Dietary selenium repletion may reduce cancer incidence in people at high risk who live in areas
with low soil selenium. Nutr Rev 1997;55:277-9. 38 Shamberger RJ. The genotoxicity of selenium. Mutat Res 1985;154:29-48.
39 Young KL and Lee PN. Intervention studies on cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1999;8:91-103. 40 Burguera JL, Burguera M,
Gallignani M, Alarcon OM, Burgueera JA. Blood serum selenium in the province of Merida, Venezuela, related to sex, cancer
incidence and soil selenium content. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1990;4:73-7. 41 Combs GF, Jr., Clark LC, Turnbull
BW. Reduction of cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. Biomed Environ Sci 1997;10:227-34. 42 Combs GF, Clark
LC, Turnbull BW. An analysis of cancer prevention by selenium. BioFactors 14 2001; 153-9. 43 Garland M, Morris JS, Stampfer
MJ, Colditz GA, Spate VL, Baskett CK, Rosner B, Speier FE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ. Prospective study of toenail selenium
levels and cancer among women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:497- 505. 44 Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Roussel AM,
Arnaud J, Richard MJ, Malvy D, Paul-Dauphin A, Briancon S, Favier A. Background and rationale behind the SU.VI.MAX Study, a
prevention trial using nutritional doses of a combination of antioxidant vitamins and minerals to reduce cardiovascular
diseases and cancers. Supplementation en VItamines et Mineraux AntiXydants Study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1998;68:3-20. 45
Klein EA, Thompson IM, Lippman SM, Goodman PJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Coltman C. SELECT: the next prostate cancer
prevention trial. Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Journal of Urology 2001;166(4):1311-5. 46 Gey KF. Vitamins
E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health. A critical and constructive review of epidemiology and
supplementation data regarding cardiovascular disease and cancer. Biofactors 1998;7:113-74. 47 Ozer NK, Boscoboinik D,
Azzi A. New roles of low density lipoproteins and vitamin E in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Biochem Mol Biol Int
1995;35:117-24. 48 Lapenna D, de Gioia S, Ciofani G, Mezzetti A, Ucchino S, Calafiore AM, Napolitano AM, Di Ilio C, Cuccurulo
F. Glutathione-related antioxidant defenses in human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 1998;97:1930-4. 49 Neve J. Selenium
as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiovasc Risk 1996;3:42-7. 50 Kose K, Dogan P, Kardas Y, Saraymen R.
Plasma selenium levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Biol Trace Elem Res 1996;53:51-6. 51 Heliovaara M, Knekt P, Aho K, Aaran
RK, Alfthan G, Aromaa A. Serum antioxidants and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53:51-3. 52 Stone J,
Doube A, Dudson D, Wallace J. Inadequate calcium, folic acid, vitamin E, zinc, and selenium intake in rheumatoid arthritis
patients: Results of a dietary survey. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997;27:180-5. 53 Grimble RF. Nutritional antioxidants and the
modulation of inflammation: Theory and practice. New Horizons 1994;2:175-85. 54 Aaseth J, Haugen M, Forre O. Rheumatoid
arthritis and metal compounds- perspectives on the role of oxygen radical detoxification. Analyst 1998;123:3- 6. 55 Look MP,
Rockstroh JK, Rao GS, Kreuzer KA, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T. Serum selenium versus lymphocyte subsets and markers of
disease progression and inflammatory response in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Biol Trace Elem Res
1997;56(1):31-41. 56 Singhal N and Austin J. A clinical review of micronutrients in HIV infection. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS
Care 2002;1:63-75. 57 Romero-Alvira D and Roche E. The keys of oxidative stress in acquired immune deficiency syndrome
apoptosis. Medical Hypotheses 1998;51(2):169-73. 58 Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV; Part One - Beta carotene and selenium.
Altern Med Rev 1999;4:403-13. 59 Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Lai S, Zhang G, Lai H, Fletcher MA, Sauberlich H, Page JB. High
risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol
1997;15:370-4. 60 Campa A, Shor-Posner G, Indacoche F, Zhang G, Lai H, Asthana D, Scott GB, Baum MK. Mortality risk in
selenium-deficient HIV-positive children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999;15:508-13. 61 Baum MK and
Shor-Posner G. Micronutrient status in relationship to mortality in HIV-1 disease. Nutr Rev 1998;56:S135-9. 62 Koller LD and
Exon JH. The two faces of selenium-deficiency and toxicity are similar in animals and man. Can J Vet Res 1986;50:297-306.
63 Hathcock J. Vitamins and minerals: Efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:427-37. 64 Raisbeck MF, Dahl ER, Sanchez
DA, Belden EL, O'Toole D. Naturally occurring selenosis in Wyoming. J Vet Diagn Invest 1993;5:84-7. 65 Dietary Guidelines
Advisory Committee, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). HG Bulletin No. 232,
2000. 66 Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, United Stated Department of Agriculture. Food Guide Pyramid, 1992
(slightly revised 1996). [A1] Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proc Nutr
Soc. 2005 Nov;64(4):527-42. [A2] Ryan-Harshman M and Aldoori W The relevance of selenium to immunity, cancer, and
infectious/inflammatory diseases. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2005 Summer;66(2):98-102.
Source Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Online Publication January
2006.         
                    
    
            Walnut is a good source of selenium.         
    
                    
    
            Selenium may benefit people at cancer risk; some research suggested.         
    
                    
    
                    
            
    
MAJOR NUTRIENT

DIET.
SUPPLEMENT
PhytoChemicals
Antioxidants

A-Z Health Foods,  
Products
Acetyl-L Carnitine
Acidophilus
Alfalfa
Almond
Aloe vera
Aniseed
Apple
Arnica
Ashwagandha
Asian Pears
Asparagus
Astaxanthin,
Astragulus
Artichoke
Avena sativa
Avocados
Barley
Banana
Basil
black cohosh
Bladderwrack
Blackberry
Black Currant
Blueberry
Bilberry
Bitter Melon
Borage Seed Oil
Boswellia
Broccoli
Bromelain
Brown Seaweed
Brussels Sprout
Butterbur
Burdock
Cabbage
Calcium
Calendula
Canola oil
Cauliflower
Cat's Claw
Cayenne
Celadrin
Celery
Chamomile
Chaparral
Cherry
Chondroitin
Chitosan
Chlorophyll
Chromium
Cinnamon
CLA
Cocoa
Cod Liver Oil
Coenzyme Q
Coffee
Comfrey
Conj. Linoleic Acid
Colostrum
Colloidal Silver
Corn
Cranberry
Creatine
Curcumin
Dandelion
Devil's Claw
DHEA
Dill
Dong Quai
EGCG
Echinacea
Eleuthero
Ellagic Acid
Eucalyptus G.
Eve. Primrose Oil
Falcarinol
Fennel
Fenugreek
Feverfew
Folate
Fish Oil
Flaxseed /Linseed
Garcinia C.
Garlic
Galangal
Ghrelin
Ginger
Ginseng
Ginseng/Ginkgo
Ginkgo Biloba
Glucosamine
Goldenseal
Gotu Kola
GRAPE SEED
EXTRACT
Green Tea
Growth Hormone
Stimulants
Goldenseal
Guar Gum
Guggul
Gymnema
Hawthorn
Hoodia
Hop
Horse Chestnut
Horsetail
Huperzine A
Hyaluronic acid
Isothiocyanates
Kava Kava
Kelp
L-arginine
Lavender
Lecithin
Lemon balm
Licorice
Lingonberry
Lutein
Lycopene
Maca
Mango
Marshmallow
Melatonin
Milk Thistle
Mistletoe
N-Acetylcysteine
Nattokinase
Nectarines
Olive Oil
Omegic Fatty
Acids
Onion
Orange
Oregon Grape
Pantethine
Papaya
Passion Flower
PEANUT
Peach
Pepper
Peppermint
Persimmons
Phosphatidyl
serine
Phyllanthus
Potato
Plum
Pomegranate
Probiotics
Policosanol /
Polycosanol
Propolis
Pumpkin
Pycnogenol
Pyruvate
Quercetin
Radish
Red Clover
Red Yeast Rice
Reishi / Lingzhi
Resveratrol
Rhodiola
Rosemary
Royal Jelly
Rutin
S-adenosyl-L-
methionine
Saffron
Saw Palmetto
Schisandra
Selenium
Spinach
Spirulina
Squash
Stinging Nettle
St John Wort
Strawberry
Sweet Potatoes
Taxifolin
Tea Tree Oil
Turmeric [Curry]
Tyrosine
Shark Cartilage
Stevia
Valerian
Walnuts
Watermelon
Whey
Wild Yam
Xylitol
Yohimbe
Yucca
5-Hydroxytrpto
phan

Food Industry
Organic Label

HOME
Herb Side Effect
Resource