CALCIUM DEFICIENCY, SUPPLEMENTS, BENEFITS AND
SIDE EFFECTS
SIDE EFFECTS
 |  |  |  |
MAJOR NUTRIENT
DIET.
SUPPLEMENT
PhytoChemicals
Antioxidants
A-Z Health Foods,
Products
Acetyl-L Carnitine
Acidophilus
Alfalfa
Almond
Aloe vera
Andrographis
Aniseed
Apple
Arnica
Ashwagandha
Asian Pears
Asparagus
Astaxanthin,
Astragulus
Artichoke
Avena sativa
Avocados
Barley
Banana
Basil
Beet
black cohosh
Bladderwrack
Blackberry
Black Currant
Bloodroot
Blueberry
Bilberry
Bitter Melon
Borage Seed Oil
Boswellia
Black Soya Bean
Broccoli
Bromelain
Brown Seaweed
Brussels Sprout
Butein
Butterbur
Burdock
Cabbage
Cactus
Caffeine
Calcium
Calendula
Canola oil
Cauliflower
Cat's Claw
Cayenne
Celadrin
Celery
Chamomile
Chaparral
Cherry
Chokeberry
Chondroitin
Chitosan
Chlorella
Chlorophyll
Chromium
Cinnamon
CLA
Cocoa
Cod Liver Oil
Coenzyme Q
Coffee
Comfrey
Conj. Linoleic Acid
Colostrum
Colloidal Silver
Cordyceps
Corn
Cranberry
Creatine
Curcumin
Damiana
Dandelion
Danggui_Buxue
Devil's Claw
DHEA
Dill
Dong Quai
EGCG
Echinacea
Eleuthero
Ellagic Acid
Eucalyptus G.
Eve. Primrose Oil
Falcarinol
Fennel
Fenugreek
Feverfew
Folate
Fish Oil
Flaxseed Meal
Flaxseed /Linseed
Garcinia C.
Garlic
Galangal
Ghrelin
Ginger
Ginseng
Ginseng/Ginkgo
Ginkgo Biloba
Glucosamine
Goldenseal
Gotu Kola
GRAPE SEED
EXTRACT
Green Coffee Bean
Green Tea
Growth Hormone
Stimulants
Goldenseal
Guar Gum
Guggul
Gymnema
Hawthorn
Hoodia
Hop
Horse Chestnut
Horsetail
Huperzine A
Hyaluronic acid
Isothiocyanates
Kava Kava
Kelp
L-arginine
Lavender
Lecithin
Lemon balm
Licorice
Lingonberry
Lutein
Lycopene
Maca
Maitake
Mango
Mangosteen
Marshmallow
Melatonin
Milk Thistle
Mistletoe
N-Acetylcysteine
Nattokinase
Nectarines
Octacosanol
Olive Oil
Omegic Fatty
Acids
Onion
Orange
Oregon Grape
Pantethine
Papaya
Passion Flower
PEANUT
Peach
Peony
Pepper
Peppermint
Persimmons
Phellinus linteus
Phosphatidyl
serine
Phyllanthus
Potato
Plum
Pomegranate
Probiotics
Policosanol /
Polycosanol
Propolis
Pumpkin
Pycnogenol
Pyruvate
Quercetin
Quince
Radish
Red Clover
Red Yeast Rice
Reishi / Lingzhi
Resveratrol
Rhodiola
Rhubarb
Rice Bran Oil
Rosemary
Royal Jelly
Rutin
S-adenosyl-L-
methionine
Saffron
Saw Palmetto
Schisandra
Selenium
Spinach
Spirulina
Squash
Stinging Nettle
St John Wort
Strawberry
Sweet Potatoes
Taxifolin
Tea Tree Oil
Turmeric [Curry]
Tyrosine
Shark Cartilage
Soy
Stevia
Valerian
Vitamin D
Vitex
Walnuts
Watermelon
Wheat Grass
Whey
Wild Yam
Witch Hazel
Wormwood
Xylitol
Yarrow
Yohimbe
Yucca
5-Hydroxytrpto
phan
Food Industry
Organic Label
HOME
Herb Side Effect
Blood Pressure
Lowering Herbs
Cholesterol
Lowering Herbs
Supplements for
Cadiovascular
Diseases
Coenzyme Q and
Creatine for
Parkinson's
disease?v
DIET.
SUPPLEMENT
PhytoChemicals
Antioxidants
A-Z Health Foods,
Products
Acetyl-L Carnitine
Acidophilus
Alfalfa
Almond
Aloe vera
Andrographis
Aniseed
Apple
Arnica
Ashwagandha
Asian Pears
Asparagus
Astaxanthin,
Astragulus
Artichoke
Avena sativa
Avocados
Barley
Banana
Basil
Beet
black cohosh
Bladderwrack
Blackberry
Black Currant
Bloodroot
Blueberry
Bilberry
Bitter Melon
Borage Seed Oil
Boswellia
Black Soya Bean
Broccoli
Bromelain
Brown Seaweed
Brussels Sprout
Butein
Butterbur
Burdock
Cabbage
Cactus
Caffeine
Calcium
Calendula
Canola oil
Cauliflower
Cat's Claw
Cayenne
Celadrin
Celery
Chamomile
Chaparral
Cherry
Chokeberry
Chondroitin
Chitosan
Chlorella
Chlorophyll
Chromium
Cinnamon
CLA
Cocoa
Cod Liver Oil
Coenzyme Q
Coffee
Comfrey
Conj. Linoleic Acid
Colostrum
Colloidal Silver
Cordyceps
Corn
Cranberry
Creatine
Curcumin
Damiana
Dandelion
Danggui_Buxue
Devil's Claw
DHEA
Dill
Dong Quai
EGCG
Echinacea
Eleuthero
Ellagic Acid
Eucalyptus G.
Eve. Primrose Oil
Falcarinol
Fennel
Fenugreek
Feverfew
Folate
Fish Oil
Flaxseed Meal
Flaxseed /Linseed
Garcinia C.
Garlic
Galangal
Ghrelin
Ginger
Ginseng
Ginseng/Ginkgo
Ginkgo Biloba
Glucosamine
Goldenseal
Gotu Kola
GRAPE SEED
EXTRACT
Green Coffee Bean
Green Tea
Growth Hormone
Stimulants
Goldenseal
Guar Gum
Guggul
Gymnema
Hawthorn
Hoodia
Hop
Horse Chestnut
Horsetail
Huperzine A
Hyaluronic acid
Isothiocyanates
Kava Kava
Kelp
L-arginine
Lavender
Lecithin
Lemon balm
Licorice
Lingonberry
Lutein
Lycopene
Maca
Maitake
Mango
Mangosteen
Marshmallow
Melatonin
Milk Thistle
Mistletoe
N-Acetylcysteine
Nattokinase
Nectarines
Octacosanol
Olive Oil
Omegic Fatty
Acids
Onion
Orange
Oregon Grape
Pantethine
Papaya
Passion Flower
PEANUT
Peach
Peony
Pepper
Peppermint
Persimmons
Phellinus linteus
Phosphatidyl
serine
Phyllanthus
Potato
Plum
Pomegranate
Probiotics
Policosanol /
Polycosanol
Propolis
Pumpkin
Pycnogenol
Pyruvate
Quercetin
Quince
Radish
Red Clover
Red Yeast Rice
Reishi / Lingzhi
Resveratrol
Rhodiola
Rhubarb
Rice Bran Oil
Rosemary
Royal Jelly
Rutin
S-adenosyl-L-
methionine
Saffron
Saw Palmetto
Schisandra
Selenium
Spinach
Spirulina
Squash
Stinging Nettle
St John Wort
Strawberry
Sweet Potatoes
Taxifolin
Tea Tree Oil
Turmeric [Curry]
Tyrosine
Shark Cartilage
Soy
Stevia
Valerian
Vitamin D
Vitex
Walnuts
Watermelon
Wheat Grass
Whey
Wild Yam
Witch Hazel
Wormwood
Xylitol
Yarrow
Yohimbe
Yucca
5-Hydroxytrpto
phan
Food Industry
Organic Label
HOME
Herb Side Effect
Blood Pressure
Lowering Herbs
Cholesterol
Lowering Herbs
Supplements for
Cadiovascular
Diseases
Coenzyme Q and
Creatine for
Parkinson's
disease?v
Calcium Facts
Hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency or lack of calcium)
is a condition of low blood calcium. It may be resulted
from low parathyroid hormone levels, kidney failure,
acute pancreatitis, insufficient magnesium, insufficient
protein in the blood, or vitamin D deficiency.
Symptoms of low calcium often do not occur with mild
calcium deficiency. As calcium deficiency becomes
more severe, symptoms such as abnormal heart
rhythms, muscle cramps, muscle twitching, or
seizures, burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling
sensation (paresthesia) of the hands, feet, lips, and
tongue occur. [12-14]
Hypercalcemia is an abnormally high blood calcium
levels. It can be caused by hyperparathyroidism,
chronic kidney disease, and overdoses of vitamin D
or calcium. Symptoms of high blood calcium levels
may include sleeplessness, itching, headache,
palpitation, apathy, akinesis, leanness, foot gangrene,
dehydration, confusion, loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, weight loss, and constipation. In long term, it
may lead to vascular calcification. [12-16]
Benefits and uses of calcium
Calcium is essential for many functions in the body,
including regulating the heartbeat, conducting nerve
impulses, building and maintaining healthy bones,
stimulating hormone secretions and blood clotting.
Calcium requirements
Calcium is a mineral found in many foods. Getting
enough of this nutrient is important because the
human body cannot make it. Even after you are fully
grown, adequate calcium intake is important because
the body loses calcium every day through the skin,
nails, hair, and sweat, as well as through urine and
feces. This lost calcium must be replaced daily
through the diet. Otherwise, the body takes calcium
out of the bones to perform other functions, which
makes the bones weaker and more likely to break
over time.
Calcium is needed for our heart, muscles, and nerves
to function properly and for blood to clot. Inadequate
calcium significantly contributes to the development of
osteoporosis. Many published studies show that low
calcium intake throughout life is associated with low
bone mass and high fracture rates. National nutrition
surveys have shown that most people are not getting
the calcium they need to grow and maintain healthy
bones. Consequently, calcium pills or supplements for
children present a huge market.
The recommended calcium intake (based on National
Academy of Sciences, 1997) for infants (0-6 months)
is 210 mg, young kids (1-3 years) 500 mg, kids (4-8
years) 800 mg, older kids (9-18) 1,300 mg, adult (19-
50 years) 1,000 mg and older adult (50+) 1,200 mg.
Calcium Culprits
While a balanced diet aids calcium absorption, high
levels of protein and sodium (salt) in the diet are
thought to increase calcium excretion through the
kidneys. Excessive amounts of these substances
should be avoided, especially in those whose calcium
intake is low.
Lactose intolerance also can lead to inadequate
calcium intake. Those who are lactose intolerant have
insufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase, which is
needed to break down the lactose found in dairy
products. In order to include dairy products in the diet,
dairy foods can be taken in small quantities or treated
with lactase drops, or lactase can be taken as a pill.
There are even some milk products on the market that
already have been treated with lactase.
calcium sources
Experts recommend that adults get 1,000 to 1,200
mg (milligrams) of calcium each day. Although food is
the best source of calcium, most Americans do not
get enough of it from food sources. Calcium-fortified
foods (like orange juice, bread, cereals, and many
others on your grocer?s shelves) and calcium
supplements can fill the gap by ensuring that you meet
your daily calcium requirement.
LIST OF FOODS HIGH IN CALCIUM
Calcium in milk is about 300 mg per serving
regardless if it is whole milk or skin milk. Other
calcium rich foods include yogurt, cheese, sardines,
tofu and some types of vegetables.
One serving of milk (8 oz; whole, 1%, 2% or skim
milk) provides about 300 mg of calcium. One serving
of plain fat-free yogurt (8 oz) provides almost 500 mg
of calcium. With extra additions of milk solids or fruit,
the calcium content decreases (diluted). One serving
(1 oz) of American cheese, Cheddar cheese,
Mozzarella cheese or Muenster cheese contains
about 190 mg of calcium. One serving of (1/2 cup) of
low or high-fat vanilla ice cream gives you about 90
mg of calcium. Serving size of 3.75 oz of canned
sardines provides 351 mg of calcium. One serving of
salmon or shrimp (3 oz) provides 181 or 50 mg of
calcium respectively. One cup of boiled soybean
provides 261 mg of calcium and 254 calories at the
same time. Serving size of 8 oz of orange juice
fortified with calcium contains 300 mg of calcium and
100 calories. One serving of dried figs (10) provides
270 mg of calcium and 477 calories. All foods
discussed are good sources of calcium, but they also
contain fats and calories. Serving size of one oz of
nuts such as almonds, sesame or sunflower seeds
provide only 30-80 mg of calcium but 14-15 g of fat
and about 165 calories!!
Calcium rich vegetables include raw Chinese
cabbage (bok choy; 74 mg of calcium per serving and
drained broccoli (71.6 mg of calcium per serving),
collards (226 mg of calcium per serving), turnip
greens (197 mg of calcium per serving). tofu (204 mg
of calcium), and orange (56 mg of calcium
preserving).
Calcium Supplements
If you have trouble getting enough calcium in your diet,
you may need to take a calcium supplement. The
amount of calcium you will need from a supplement
depends on how much calcium you obtain from food
sources. There are several different calcium
compounds used in supplements, such as calcium
carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium phosphate among
others. These compounds contain different amounts
of elemental calcium, which is the actual amount of
calcium in the supplement. It is important to read the
label carefully to determine how much elemental
calcium is in the supplement and how many doses or
pills to take.
Except in people with gastrointestinal disease, all
major forms of calcium supplements are absorbed
equally well when taken with food.
Calcium supplements are better absorbed when
taken in small doses (500 mg or less) several times
throughout the day. In many individuals, calcium
supplements are better absorbed when taken with
food. It is important to check supplement labels to
ensure that the product meets United States
Pharmacopeia (USP) standards.
Calcium supplements are available without a
prescription in a wide range of preparations and
strengths, which can make selecting one a confusing
experience. Many people ask which calcium
supplement they should take. The ?best? supplement
is the one that meets your needs. Ask yourself these
questions: How well does my body tolerate this kind
of supplement? Does it cause any side effects (like
gas or constipation)? If so, you may want to try
another kind or a different brand. Is this kind of
supplement convenient? Can I remember to take it as
often as recommended each day? Is the cost of this
supplement within my budget? Is it widely available?
Can I buy it at a store near me?
BRANDS OF CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS
Choose calcium supplements with familiar brand
names. Look for labels that state ?purified? or have
the USP (United States Pharmacopeia) symbol.
Avoid calcium from unrefined oyster shell, bone meal,
or dolomite without the USP symbol, because it may
contain high levels of lead or other toxic metals. Make
sure that GMP statement is included in the product
label.
Special Note on Coral Calcium [10]
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has taken
legal action against a group of individuals and
companies in connection with the advertising and
sale of a dietary supplement called Coral Calcium
Supreme. The FTC alleged that the marketers--Kevin
Trudeau, Robert Barefoot, and their companies--
violated the FTC Act by claiming, falsely or without
substantiation, that Coral Calcium Supreme can treat
or cure cancer, multiple sclerosis, lupus, heart
disease, and chronic high blood pressure.
Coral Calcium Supreme is a dietary supplement
supposedly made of marine coral from Okinawa,
Japan.
In January 2004, a Federal court ruled in favor of the
FTC against defendant Robert Barefoot and his
companies Deonna Enterprises, Inc., and Karbo
Enterprises, Inc., prohibiting them from making
unsupported health claims about their product or any
other coral calcium product or dietary supplement.
The defendants are required to recall any product
packaging that makes these claims and to notify
resellers and distributors of their products about the
FTC's action. The FTC is allowed to recover all of
Robert Barefoot's royalties associated with Coral
Calcium Supreme infomercial marketing.
The case against Kevin Trudeau and his companies
is still pending.
In related efforts, the FTC and Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) sent warning letters to Web site
operators making similar claims about coral calcium
products. The agencies warned the operators to
remove any false or deceptive claims from their Web
sites immediately.
[SOURCE: Coral Calcium, Consumer Advisory,
National Center for Complementary and Alternative
Medicine Online Publication, January 9, 2006]
CALCIUM ABSORPTION
Most brand-name calcium products are absorbed
easily in the body. If you are not sure about your
product, you can find out how well it dissolves by
placing it in a small amount of warm water for 30
minutes and stirring it occasionally. If it hasn?t
dissolved within this time, it probably will not dissolve
in your stomach. Chewable and liquid calcium
supplements dissolve well because they are broken
down before they enter the stomach.
Calcium, whether from food or supplements, is
absorbed best by the body when it is taken several
times a day in amounts of 500 mg or less, but taking it
all at once is better than not taking it at all. Calcium
carbonate is absorbed best when taken with food.
Calcium citrate can be taken anytime.
Combination Products
Calcium supplements are available in a bewildering
array of combinations with vitamins and other
minerals. Calcium supplements often come in
combination with vitamin D, which is necessary for the
absorption of calcium. However, calcium and vitamin
D do not need to be taken together and/or in the
same preparation in order to be absorbed by the
body. Minerals such as cobalt magnesium and
phosphorus also are important but usually are
obtained through food or multivitamins. Most experts
recommend that nutrients come from a balanced diet,
with multivitamins used to supplement dietary
deficiencies.
Calcium supplements side effects
Tolerance: For certain people, some calcium
supplements may cause side effects such as gas or
constipation. If simple measures (such as increasing
your intake of fluids and high-fiber foods) do not solve
the problem, you should try another form of calcium.
Also, it is important to increase the dose of your
supplement gradually: take just 500 mg a day for a
week, then slowly add more calcium. Do not take
more than the recommended amount of calcium
without your doctor?s approval.
Calcium Interactions: It is important to talk with a
doctor or pharmacist about possible interactions
between your over-the-counter and prescription
medications, and calcium supplements. For example,
calcium supplements may reduce the absorption of
the antibiotic tetracycline. Calcium also interferes with
iron absorption. So you should not take a calcium
supplement at the same time as an iron supplement -
unless the calcium supplement is calcium citrate, or
unless the iron supplement is taken with vitamin C.
Any medication that you need to take on an empty
stomach should not be taken with calcium
supplements.
Do not overdose yourself with calcium supplement or
related products, though studies have shown that
doses as high as 2-3 g of calcium carbonate (i.e.
maximum 1200 mg of calcium) a day appear was not
associated with prostate risk. [4,6] Actually, iron, zinc,
and calcium are all involved in the metabolism of
reactive oxygen species and may compete with each
other for similar binding sites. Excessive dietary
intakes of these micronutrients have been associated
with altered risks of colorectal, breast, and prostate
cancers. [3] Excessive calcium may lead to serious
side effects. Gao X and co-workers at Tufts
University, Boston, observed that high intake of dairy
products and calcium is associated with an increased
risk of prostate cancer in a meta-analysis of various
studies. [2] While, Tseng M and co-workers from Cox
Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, further
suggested that dietary calcium was strongly
associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. [5]
Calcium is absorbed from food in excess and is lost
into the urine. This high level of calcium in the urine
causes crystals of calcium oxalate or calcium
phosphate to form in the kidneys or urinary tract.
Some diuretics and calcium-based antacids may
increase the risk of forming kidney stones by
increasing the amount of calcium in the urine. [9] One
epidemiologic trial found that supplemental calcium
increased the risk of kidney stones by 20%. [7] Unlike
calcium supplements, dairy, the key source of dietary
calcium, may have factors that prevent the rise in
urinary calcium including citrate and phosphate.
Actually, the data that dietary calcium prevents kidney
stones is still controversial. There is no trial that has
directly compared higher calcium intake to lower
calcium intake. [8,9]
REMOVAL OF EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF CALCIUM
Chelation is a chemical process in which a substance
is used to bind molecules, such as metals or
minerals, and hold them tightly so that they can be
removed from a system, such as the body. In
medicine, chelation has been scientifically proven to
rid the body of excess or toxic metals. For example, a
person who has lead poisoning may be given
chelation therapy in order to bind and remove excess
lead from the body before it can cause damage.
In the case of EDTA chelation therapy, the substance
that binds and removes metals and minerals is EDTA
(ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid), a synthetic, or
man-made, amino acid that is delivered intravenously
(through the veins). EDTA (the calcium remover) was
first used in the 1940s for the treatment of heavy
metal poisoning (or build up). EDTA chelation
removes heavy metals and minerals from the blood,
such as lead, iron, copper, and calcium, and is
approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for use in treating lead poisoning and toxicity
from other heavy metals. Although it is not approved
by the FDA to treat CAD, some physicians and
alternative medicine practitioners have
recommended EDTA chelation as a way to treat this
disorder. [11]
When used as approved by the FDA (at the
appropriate dose and infusion rate) for treatment of
heavy metal poisoning, chelation with EDTA has a
low occurrence of side effects. The most common
side effect is a burning sensation experienced at the
site where the EDTA is delivered into the veins. Rare
side effects can include fever, hypotension (a sudden
drop in blood pressure), hypocalcemia (abnormally
low calcium levels in the blood and symptoms of low
blood calcium), headache, nausea, vomiting, and
bone marrow depression (meaning that blood cell
counts fall). Injury to the kidneys has been reported
with EDTA chelation therapy, but it is rare. Other
serious side effects can occur if EDTA is not
administered by a trained health professional. [11]
OSTEOPOROSIS
Collagen is a protein that provides a soft framework,
and calcium phosphate is a mineral that adds
strength and hardens the framework. This
combination of collagen and calcium makes bone
strong and flexible enough to withstand stress. There
are two types of bone found in the body ? cortical and
trabecular. Cortical bone is dense and compact. It
forms the outer layer of the bone. Trabecular bone
makes up the inner layer of the bone and has a
spongy, honeycomb-like structure.
Throughout life, bone is constantly renewed through
resorption and formation. During resorption, old bone
tissue is broken down and removed by special cells
called osteoclasts. During bone formation, new bone
tissue is laid down to replace the old. This task is
performed by special cells called osteoblasts.
Osteoclast and osteoblast function is regulated by
several hormones including calcitonin, parathyroid
hormone, vitamin D, estrogen (in women) and
testosterone (in men), among others.
During childhood and the teenage years, new bone is
added to the skeleton faster than old bone is
removed. As a result, bones become larger, heavier,
and denser. For most people, bone formation
continues at a faster pace than removal until bone
mass peaks during the third decade of life. To make
reach the greatest possible peak bone mass, one
needs to get enough calcium, vitamin D, and exercise.
After age 20, bone loss occurs. For many people, this
bone loss can be prevented by continuing to get
calcium, vitamin D, and exercise and by avoiding
tobacco and excessive alcohol use. Osteoporosis
develops when bone removal occurs too quickly or
replacement occurs too slowly or both. You are more
likely to develop osteoporosis if you did not reach
your maximum peak bone mass during your bone
building years.
Women are more likely than men to develop
osteoporosis. This is because women generally have
smaller, thinner bones, and because they can lose
bone tissue rapidly in the first 4 to 8 years after
menopause (PMS) due to the sharp decline in
production of the hormone estrogen. Produced by the
ovaries, estrogen has been shown to have a
protective effect on bone. Women usually go through
menopause between ages 45 and 55. After
menopause, bone loss in women greatly exceeds that
in men. However, by age 65, women and men tend to
lose bone tissue at the same rate. While men do not
undergo the equivalent of menopause, production of
the male hormone testosterone may decrease, and
this can lead to increased bone loss and a greater
risk of developing osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is preventable for many people.
Prevention is important because while there are
treatments for osteoporosis, a cure has not yet been
found. A comprehensive program that can help
prevent osteoporosis includes: a balanced diet rich in
calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, a
healthy lifestyle with no smoking or excessive alcohol
intake, bone density testing and, when appropriate,
medication.
Vitamin D
The body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium. Without
enough vitamin D, we can?t form enough of the
hormone calcitriol (known as the ?active vitamin D?).
This in turn leads to insufficient calcium absorption
from the diet. In this situation, the body must take
calcium from its stores in the skeleton, which
weakens existing bone and prevents the formation of
strong, new bone. You can get vitamin D in three
ways: through the skin, from the diet, and from
supplements.
Phytoestrogens and Bone Health
Many postmenopausal (PMS) women are looking for
alternatives to hormone therapy. Of particular interest
are phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens are naturally
occurring plant compounds that are similar in some
ways to estradiol, the most potent naturally occurring
estrogen. However, phytoestrogens tend to have
weaker effects than most estrogens, are not stored in
the body, and can be easily broken down and
eliminated. Observational studies have found a lower
prevalence of breast cancer, heart disease, and hip
fracture rates among people living in places like
Southeast Asia, where diets are typically high in
phytoestrogens.
Phytoestrogens consist of more than 20 compounds
and can be found in more than 300 plants, such as
herbs, grains, and fruits. The three main classes of
dietary phytoestrogens are isoflavones, lignans, and
coumestans:
� Isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and
equol) are primarily found in soy beans and soy
products, chickpeas, and other legumes.
� Lignans (enterolactone and enterodiol) are found in
oilseeds (primarily flaxseed), cereal bran, legumes,
and alcohol (beer and bourbon).
� Coumestans (coumestrol) can be found in alfalfa
and clover.
APPENDIX I
Calcium also exists as calcium carbonate, calcium
chloride, calcium citrate calcium phosphate calcium
hydroxide, calcium gluconate, calcium carbide,
calcium oxalate, calcium sulfate, calcium pyruvate,
calcium silicate, calcium hypochlorite, calcium nitrate,
calcium oxide, docusate calcium, calcium
bicarbonate, calcium alginate, ionized calcium,
calcium disodium edta, element calcium, calcium
stearate, chelated calcium, calcium fluoride, calcium
sulphate, calcium hydroxyapatite, citracal calcium,
calcium phosphorus, bio calcium, calcium aspartate,
calcium propionate, calcium acetate.
THIS ARTICLE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY.
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION, YOU SHOULD
CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED 2006 zhion inc. DO NOT COPY NOR
TRANSFER THIS ARTICLE TO OTHER WEBSITES
NOR OTHER TYPES OF PUBLICATION.
SOURCES
Calcium Supplements: What to Look for, NIH
Osteporosis and Related Bone Diseases-National
Resource Center Online Publication January 4, 2006.
2. Calcium and Vitamin D: Important at Every Age
NIH Osteporosis and Related Bone Diseases-
National Resource Center Online Publication January
4, 2006. 3. Exercise for Your Bone Health NIH
Osteporosis and Related Bone Diseases-National
Resource Center Online Publication January 4, 2006.
4. Phytoestrogens and Bone Health NIH Osteporosis
and Related Bone Diseases-National Resource
Center Online Publication January 4, 2006. 5. What Is
Bone? NIH Osteporosis and Related Bone Diseases-
National Resource Center Online Publication January
4, 2006.
REFERENCE
[1] Calcium, Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table
Online Publication, January 4, 2006 [2] Prospective
studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and
prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Gao X et al, J
Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Dec 7;97(23):1768-77. [3]
Zhou W et al, Dietary iron, zinc, and calcium and the
risk of lung cancer. Epidemiology. 2005 Nov;16(6):
772-9. [4] Tavani A et al, Dietary intake of calcium,
vitamin D, phosphorus and the risk of prostate
cancer. Eur Urol. 2005 Jul;48(1):27-33. Epub 2005
Apr 8. [5] Tseng M et al, Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D
intakes and prostate cancer risk in the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic
Follow-up Study cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81
(5):1147-54. [6] Baron JA et al, Risk of prostate
cancer in a randomized clinical trial of calcium
supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev. 2005 Mar;14(3):586-9. [7] Curhan GC, WIlett
WC, Speizer FE, Spiegelman D, Sttampfer MJ.
Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental
calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the
risk for kidney sotne s in women. Ann Intern Med
1997;126:497-504. [8] FDA Docket No. 2004Q-0102
[9] Kidney Stones in Adults, National Kidney and
Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, Online
Publication, January 9, 2006. [10] Coral Calcium,
Consumer Advisory, National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Online
Publication, January 9, 2006. [11] Questions &
Answers: The NIH Trial of EDTA Chelation Therapy
for Coronary Artery Disease National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Online
Publication, January 9, 2006. [12] Shaoul R et al,
Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and
hypomagnesemia in an adolescent after the oral
administration of sodium phosphate in preparation for
a colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 May;53(6):
650-2. [13] Classification, symptoms, and
management of hyper- and hypocalcemia Nippon
Rinsho. 1982;40(12):2664-8. [14] Chowaniec O et al,
Hypocalcemia with symptoms of tetany in the course
of generalized pustular psoriasis [15] Shin J et al, 2
dialysis cases which came to our clinic for the
symptoms caused by hypercalcemia Clin Calcium.
2005 Sep;15 Suppl 1:87-91; discussion 91. [16]
Mahon SM, Signs and symptoms associated with
malignancy-induced hypercalcemia. Cancer Nurs.
1989 Jun;12(3):153-60.
Hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency or lack of calcium)
is a condition of low blood calcium. It may be resulted
from low parathyroid hormone levels, kidney failure,
acute pancreatitis, insufficient magnesium, insufficient
protein in the blood, or vitamin D deficiency.
Symptoms of low calcium often do not occur with mild
calcium deficiency. As calcium deficiency becomes
more severe, symptoms such as abnormal heart
rhythms, muscle cramps, muscle twitching, or
seizures, burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling
sensation (paresthesia) of the hands, feet, lips, and
tongue occur. [12-14]
Hypercalcemia is an abnormally high blood calcium
levels. It can be caused by hyperparathyroidism,
chronic kidney disease, and overdoses of vitamin D
or calcium. Symptoms of high blood calcium levels
may include sleeplessness, itching, headache,
palpitation, apathy, akinesis, leanness, foot gangrene,
dehydration, confusion, loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, weight loss, and constipation. In long term, it
may lead to vascular calcification. [12-16]
Benefits and uses of calcium
Calcium is essential for many functions in the body,
including regulating the heartbeat, conducting nerve
impulses, building and maintaining healthy bones,
stimulating hormone secretions and blood clotting.
Calcium requirements
Calcium is a mineral found in many foods. Getting
enough of this nutrient is important because the
human body cannot make it. Even after you are fully
grown, adequate calcium intake is important because
the body loses calcium every day through the skin,
nails, hair, and sweat, as well as through urine and
feces. This lost calcium must be replaced daily
through the diet. Otherwise, the body takes calcium
out of the bones to perform other functions, which
makes the bones weaker and more likely to break
over time.
Calcium is needed for our heart, muscles, and nerves
to function properly and for blood to clot. Inadequate
calcium significantly contributes to the development of
osteoporosis. Many published studies show that low
calcium intake throughout life is associated with low
bone mass and high fracture rates. National nutrition
surveys have shown that most people are not getting
the calcium they need to grow and maintain healthy
bones. Consequently, calcium pills or supplements for
children present a huge market.
The recommended calcium intake (based on National
Academy of Sciences, 1997) for infants (0-6 months)
is 210 mg, young kids (1-3 years) 500 mg, kids (4-8
years) 800 mg, older kids (9-18) 1,300 mg, adult (19-
50 years) 1,000 mg and older adult (50+) 1,200 mg.
Calcium Culprits
While a balanced diet aids calcium absorption, high
levels of protein and sodium (salt) in the diet are
thought to increase calcium excretion through the
kidneys. Excessive amounts of these substances
should be avoided, especially in those whose calcium
intake is low.
Lactose intolerance also can lead to inadequate
calcium intake. Those who are lactose intolerant have
insufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase, which is
needed to break down the lactose found in dairy
products. In order to include dairy products in the diet,
dairy foods can be taken in small quantities or treated
with lactase drops, or lactase can be taken as a pill.
There are even some milk products on the market that
already have been treated with lactase.
calcium sources
Experts recommend that adults get 1,000 to 1,200
mg (milligrams) of calcium each day. Although food is
the best source of calcium, most Americans do not
get enough of it from food sources. Calcium-fortified
foods (like orange juice, bread, cereals, and many
others on your grocer?s shelves) and calcium
supplements can fill the gap by ensuring that you meet
your daily calcium requirement.
LIST OF FOODS HIGH IN CALCIUM
Calcium in milk is about 300 mg per serving
regardless if it is whole milk or skin milk. Other
calcium rich foods include yogurt, cheese, sardines,
tofu and some types of vegetables.
One serving of milk (8 oz; whole, 1%, 2% or skim
milk) provides about 300 mg of calcium. One serving
of plain fat-free yogurt (8 oz) provides almost 500 mg
of calcium. With extra additions of milk solids or fruit,
the calcium content decreases (diluted). One serving
(1 oz) of American cheese, Cheddar cheese,
Mozzarella cheese or Muenster cheese contains
about 190 mg of calcium. One serving of (1/2 cup) of
low or high-fat vanilla ice cream gives you about 90
mg of calcium. Serving size of 3.75 oz of canned
sardines provides 351 mg of calcium. One serving of
salmon or shrimp (3 oz) provides 181 or 50 mg of
calcium respectively. One cup of boiled soybean
provides 261 mg of calcium and 254 calories at the
same time. Serving size of 8 oz of orange juice
fortified with calcium contains 300 mg of calcium and
100 calories. One serving of dried figs (10) provides
270 mg of calcium and 477 calories. All foods
discussed are good sources of calcium, but they also
contain fats and calories. Serving size of one oz of
nuts such as almonds, sesame or sunflower seeds
provide only 30-80 mg of calcium but 14-15 g of fat
and about 165 calories!!
Calcium rich vegetables include raw Chinese
cabbage (bok choy; 74 mg of calcium per serving and
drained broccoli (71.6 mg of calcium per serving),
collards (226 mg of calcium per serving), turnip
greens (197 mg of calcium per serving). tofu (204 mg
of calcium), and orange (56 mg of calcium
preserving).
Calcium Supplements
If you have trouble getting enough calcium in your diet,
you may need to take a calcium supplement. The
amount of calcium you will need from a supplement
depends on how much calcium you obtain from food
sources. There are several different calcium
compounds used in supplements, such as calcium
carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium phosphate among
others. These compounds contain different amounts
of elemental calcium, which is the actual amount of
calcium in the supplement. It is important to read the
label carefully to determine how much elemental
calcium is in the supplement and how many doses or
pills to take.
Except in people with gastrointestinal disease, all
major forms of calcium supplements are absorbed
equally well when taken with food.
Calcium supplements are better absorbed when
taken in small doses (500 mg or less) several times
throughout the day. In many individuals, calcium
supplements are better absorbed when taken with
food. It is important to check supplement labels to
ensure that the product meets United States
Pharmacopeia (USP) standards.
Calcium supplements are available without a
prescription in a wide range of preparations and
strengths, which can make selecting one a confusing
experience. Many people ask which calcium
supplement they should take. The ?best? supplement
is the one that meets your needs. Ask yourself these
questions: How well does my body tolerate this kind
of supplement? Does it cause any side effects (like
gas or constipation)? If so, you may want to try
another kind or a different brand. Is this kind of
supplement convenient? Can I remember to take it as
often as recommended each day? Is the cost of this
supplement within my budget? Is it widely available?
Can I buy it at a store near me?
BRANDS OF CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS
Choose calcium supplements with familiar brand
names. Look for labels that state ?purified? or have
the USP (United States Pharmacopeia) symbol.
Avoid calcium from unrefined oyster shell, bone meal,
or dolomite without the USP symbol, because it may
contain high levels of lead or other toxic metals. Make
sure that GMP statement is included in the product
label.
Special Note on Coral Calcium [10]
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has taken
legal action against a group of individuals and
companies in connection with the advertising and
sale of a dietary supplement called Coral Calcium
Supreme. The FTC alleged that the marketers--Kevin
Trudeau, Robert Barefoot, and their companies--
violated the FTC Act by claiming, falsely or without
substantiation, that Coral Calcium Supreme can treat
or cure cancer, multiple sclerosis, lupus, heart
disease, and chronic high blood pressure.
Coral Calcium Supreme is a dietary supplement
supposedly made of marine coral from Okinawa,
Japan.
In January 2004, a Federal court ruled in favor of the
FTC against defendant Robert Barefoot and his
companies Deonna Enterprises, Inc., and Karbo
Enterprises, Inc., prohibiting them from making
unsupported health claims about their product or any
other coral calcium product or dietary supplement.
The defendants are required to recall any product
packaging that makes these claims and to notify
resellers and distributors of their products about the
FTC's action. The FTC is allowed to recover all of
Robert Barefoot's royalties associated with Coral
Calcium Supreme infomercial marketing.
The case against Kevin Trudeau and his companies
is still pending.
In related efforts, the FTC and Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) sent warning letters to Web site
operators making similar claims about coral calcium
products. The agencies warned the operators to
remove any false or deceptive claims from their Web
sites immediately.
[SOURCE: Coral Calcium, Consumer Advisory,
National Center for Complementary and Alternative
Medicine Online Publication, January 9, 2006]
CALCIUM ABSORPTION
Most brand-name calcium products are absorbed
easily in the body. If you are not sure about your
product, you can find out how well it dissolves by
placing it in a small amount of warm water for 30
minutes and stirring it occasionally. If it hasn?t
dissolved within this time, it probably will not dissolve
in your stomach. Chewable and liquid calcium
supplements dissolve well because they are broken
down before they enter the stomach.
Calcium, whether from food or supplements, is
absorbed best by the body when it is taken several
times a day in amounts of 500 mg or less, but taking it
all at once is better than not taking it at all. Calcium
carbonate is absorbed best when taken with food.
Calcium citrate can be taken anytime.
Combination Products
Calcium supplements are available in a bewildering
array of combinations with vitamins and other
minerals. Calcium supplements often come in
combination with vitamin D, which is necessary for the
absorption of calcium. However, calcium and vitamin
D do not need to be taken together and/or in the
same preparation in order to be absorbed by the
body. Minerals such as cobalt magnesium and
phosphorus also are important but usually are
obtained through food or multivitamins. Most experts
recommend that nutrients come from a balanced diet,
with multivitamins used to supplement dietary
deficiencies.
Calcium supplements side effects
Tolerance: For certain people, some calcium
supplements may cause side effects such as gas or
constipation. If simple measures (such as increasing
your intake of fluids and high-fiber foods) do not solve
the problem, you should try another form of calcium.
Also, it is important to increase the dose of your
supplement gradually: take just 500 mg a day for a
week, then slowly add more calcium. Do not take
more than the recommended amount of calcium
without your doctor?s approval.
Calcium Interactions: It is important to talk with a
doctor or pharmacist about possible interactions
between your over-the-counter and prescription
medications, and calcium supplements. For example,
calcium supplements may reduce the absorption of
the antibiotic tetracycline. Calcium also interferes with
iron absorption. So you should not take a calcium
supplement at the same time as an iron supplement -
unless the calcium supplement is calcium citrate, or
unless the iron supplement is taken with vitamin C.
Any medication that you need to take on an empty
stomach should not be taken with calcium
supplements.
Do not overdose yourself with calcium supplement or
related products, though studies have shown that
doses as high as 2-3 g of calcium carbonate (i.e.
maximum 1200 mg of calcium) a day appear was not
associated with prostate risk. [4,6] Actually, iron, zinc,
and calcium are all involved in the metabolism of
reactive oxygen species and may compete with each
other for similar binding sites. Excessive dietary
intakes of these micronutrients have been associated
with altered risks of colorectal, breast, and prostate
cancers. [3] Excessive calcium may lead to serious
side effects. Gao X and co-workers at Tufts
University, Boston, observed that high intake of dairy
products and calcium is associated with an increased
risk of prostate cancer in a meta-analysis of various
studies. [2] While, Tseng M and co-workers from Cox
Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, further
suggested that dietary calcium was strongly
associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. [5]
Calcium is absorbed from food in excess and is lost
into the urine. This high level of calcium in the urine
causes crystals of calcium oxalate or calcium
phosphate to form in the kidneys or urinary tract.
Some diuretics and calcium-based antacids may
increase the risk of forming kidney stones by
increasing the amount of calcium in the urine. [9] One
epidemiologic trial found that supplemental calcium
increased the risk of kidney stones by 20%. [7] Unlike
calcium supplements, dairy, the key source of dietary
calcium, may have factors that prevent the rise in
urinary calcium including citrate and phosphate.
Actually, the data that dietary calcium prevents kidney
stones is still controversial. There is no trial that has
directly compared higher calcium intake to lower
calcium intake. [8,9]
REMOVAL OF EXCESSIVE AMOUNT OF CALCIUM
Chelation is a chemical process in which a substance
is used to bind molecules, such as metals or
minerals, and hold them tightly so that they can be
removed from a system, such as the body. In
medicine, chelation has been scientifically proven to
rid the body of excess or toxic metals. For example, a
person who has lead poisoning may be given
chelation therapy in order to bind and remove excess
lead from the body before it can cause damage.
In the case of EDTA chelation therapy, the substance
that binds and removes metals and minerals is EDTA
(ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid), a synthetic, or
man-made, amino acid that is delivered intravenously
(through the veins). EDTA (the calcium remover) was
first used in the 1940s for the treatment of heavy
metal poisoning (or build up). EDTA chelation
removes heavy metals and minerals from the blood,
such as lead, iron, copper, and calcium, and is
approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for use in treating lead poisoning and toxicity
from other heavy metals. Although it is not approved
by the FDA to treat CAD, some physicians and
alternative medicine practitioners have
recommended EDTA chelation as a way to treat this
disorder. [11]
When used as approved by the FDA (at the
appropriate dose and infusion rate) for treatment of
heavy metal poisoning, chelation with EDTA has a
low occurrence of side effects. The most common
side effect is a burning sensation experienced at the
site where the EDTA is delivered into the veins. Rare
side effects can include fever, hypotension (a sudden
drop in blood pressure), hypocalcemia (abnormally
low calcium levels in the blood and symptoms of low
blood calcium), headache, nausea, vomiting, and
bone marrow depression (meaning that blood cell
counts fall). Injury to the kidneys has been reported
with EDTA chelation therapy, but it is rare. Other
serious side effects can occur if EDTA is not
administered by a trained health professional. [11]
OSTEOPOROSIS
Collagen is a protein that provides a soft framework,
and calcium phosphate is a mineral that adds
strength and hardens the framework. This
combination of collagen and calcium makes bone
strong and flexible enough to withstand stress. There
are two types of bone found in the body ? cortical and
trabecular. Cortical bone is dense and compact. It
forms the outer layer of the bone. Trabecular bone
makes up the inner layer of the bone and has a
spongy, honeycomb-like structure.
Throughout life, bone is constantly renewed through
resorption and formation. During resorption, old bone
tissue is broken down and removed by special cells
called osteoclasts. During bone formation, new bone
tissue is laid down to replace the old. This task is
performed by special cells called osteoblasts.
Osteoclast and osteoblast function is regulated by
several hormones including calcitonin, parathyroid
hormone, vitamin D, estrogen (in women) and
testosterone (in men), among others.
During childhood and the teenage years, new bone is
added to the skeleton faster than old bone is
removed. As a result, bones become larger, heavier,
and denser. For most people, bone formation
continues at a faster pace than removal until bone
mass peaks during the third decade of life. To make
reach the greatest possible peak bone mass, one
needs to get enough calcium, vitamin D, and exercise.
After age 20, bone loss occurs. For many people, this
bone loss can be prevented by continuing to get
calcium, vitamin D, and exercise and by avoiding
tobacco and excessive alcohol use. Osteoporosis
develops when bone removal occurs too quickly or
replacement occurs too slowly or both. You are more
likely to develop osteoporosis if you did not reach
your maximum peak bone mass during your bone
building years.
Women are more likely than men to develop
osteoporosis. This is because women generally have
smaller, thinner bones, and because they can lose
bone tissue rapidly in the first 4 to 8 years after
menopause (PMS) due to the sharp decline in
production of the hormone estrogen. Produced by the
ovaries, estrogen has been shown to have a
protective effect on bone. Women usually go through
menopause between ages 45 and 55. After
menopause, bone loss in women greatly exceeds that
in men. However, by age 65, women and men tend to
lose bone tissue at the same rate. While men do not
undergo the equivalent of menopause, production of
the male hormone testosterone may decrease, and
this can lead to increased bone loss and a greater
risk of developing osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is preventable for many people.
Prevention is important because while there are
treatments for osteoporosis, a cure has not yet been
found. A comprehensive program that can help
prevent osteoporosis includes: a balanced diet rich in
calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, a
healthy lifestyle with no smoking or excessive alcohol
intake, bone density testing and, when appropriate,
medication.
Vitamin D
The body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium. Without
enough vitamin D, we can?t form enough of the
hormone calcitriol (known as the ?active vitamin D?).
This in turn leads to insufficient calcium absorption
from the diet. In this situation, the body must take
calcium from its stores in the skeleton, which
weakens existing bone and prevents the formation of
strong, new bone. You can get vitamin D in three
ways: through the skin, from the diet, and from
supplements.
Phytoestrogens and Bone Health
Many postmenopausal (PMS) women are looking for
alternatives to hormone therapy. Of particular interest
are phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens are naturally
occurring plant compounds that are similar in some
ways to estradiol, the most potent naturally occurring
estrogen. However, phytoestrogens tend to have
weaker effects than most estrogens, are not stored in
the body, and can be easily broken down and
eliminated. Observational studies have found a lower
prevalence of breast cancer, heart disease, and hip
fracture rates among people living in places like
Southeast Asia, where diets are typically high in
phytoestrogens.
Phytoestrogens consist of more than 20 compounds
and can be found in more than 300 plants, such as
herbs, grains, and fruits. The three main classes of
dietary phytoestrogens are isoflavones, lignans, and
coumestans:
� Isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and
equol) are primarily found in soy beans and soy
products, chickpeas, and other legumes.
� Lignans (enterolactone and enterodiol) are found in
oilseeds (primarily flaxseed), cereal bran, legumes,
and alcohol (beer and bourbon).
� Coumestans (coumestrol) can be found in alfalfa
and clover.
APPENDIX I
Calcium also exists as calcium carbonate, calcium
chloride, calcium citrate calcium phosphate calcium
hydroxide, calcium gluconate, calcium carbide,
calcium oxalate, calcium sulfate, calcium pyruvate,
calcium silicate, calcium hypochlorite, calcium nitrate,
calcium oxide, docusate calcium, calcium
bicarbonate, calcium alginate, ionized calcium,
calcium disodium edta, element calcium, calcium
stearate, chelated calcium, calcium fluoride, calcium
sulphate, calcium hydroxyapatite, citracal calcium,
calcium phosphorus, bio calcium, calcium aspartate,
calcium propionate, calcium acetate.
THIS ARTICLE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY.
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION, YOU SHOULD
CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED 2006 zhion inc. DO NOT COPY NOR
TRANSFER THIS ARTICLE TO OTHER WEBSITES
NOR OTHER TYPES OF PUBLICATION.
SOURCES
Calcium Supplements: What to Look for, NIH
Osteporosis and Related Bone Diseases-National
Resource Center Online Publication January 4, 2006.
2. Calcium and Vitamin D: Important at Every Age
NIH Osteporosis and Related Bone Diseases-
National Resource Center Online Publication January
4, 2006. 3. Exercise for Your Bone Health NIH
Osteporosis and Related Bone Diseases-National
Resource Center Online Publication January 4, 2006.
4. Phytoestrogens and Bone Health NIH Osteporosis
and Related Bone Diseases-National Resource
Center Online Publication January 4, 2006. 5. What Is
Bone? NIH Osteporosis and Related Bone Diseases-
National Resource Center Online Publication January
4, 2006.
REFERENCE
[1] Calcium, Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table
Online Publication, January 4, 2006 [2] Prospective
studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and
prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Gao X et al, J
Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Dec 7;97(23):1768-77. [3]
Zhou W et al, Dietary iron, zinc, and calcium and the
risk of lung cancer. Epidemiology. 2005 Nov;16(6):
772-9. [4] Tavani A et al, Dietary intake of calcium,
vitamin D, phosphorus and the risk of prostate
cancer. Eur Urol. 2005 Jul;48(1):27-33. Epub 2005
Apr 8. [5] Tseng M et al, Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D
intakes and prostate cancer risk in the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic
Follow-up Study cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81
(5):1147-54. [6] Baron JA et al, Risk of prostate
cancer in a randomized clinical trial of calcium
supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev. 2005 Mar;14(3):586-9. [7] Curhan GC, WIlett
WC, Speizer FE, Spiegelman D, Sttampfer MJ.
Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental
calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the
risk for kidney sotne s in women. Ann Intern Med
1997;126:497-504. [8] FDA Docket No. 2004Q-0102
[9] Kidney Stones in Adults, National Kidney and
Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, Online
Publication, January 9, 2006. [10] Coral Calcium,
Consumer Advisory, National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Online
Publication, January 9, 2006. [11] Questions &
Answers: The NIH Trial of EDTA Chelation Therapy
for Coronary Artery Disease National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Online
Publication, January 9, 2006. [12] Shaoul R et al,
Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and
hypomagnesemia in an adolescent after the oral
administration of sodium phosphate in preparation for
a colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 May;53(6):
650-2. [13] Classification, symptoms, and
management of hyper- and hypocalcemia Nippon
Rinsho. 1982;40(12):2664-8. [14] Chowaniec O et al,
Hypocalcemia with symptoms of tetany in the course
of generalized pustular psoriasis [15] Shin J et al, 2
dialysis cases which came to our clinic for the
symptoms caused by hypercalcemia Clin Calcium.
2005 Sep;15 Suppl 1:87-91; discussion 91. [16]
Mahon SM, Signs and symptoms associated with
malignancy-induced hypercalcemia. Cancer Nurs.
1989 Jun;12(3):153-60.
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