Lingonberry is a low creeping evergreen shrub, grow in North America and
Eurasia. Lingoberry has drooping clusters of small white or pinkish
flowers. Lingonberry produces more fruit in full sun. Its leaves are dark
green and waxy. Its berries are red and ripen in August. Like blueberry,
Lingonberry thrives in acid soils, pH 3.5 to 5. [sln.Potsdam.ny.us, online-
publication and arctic-flavours.fi/english/puolukkaen.htm; May 16, 2005]
Related terms: Vaccinium vitis-idaea , lingberry, lingoberry, mountain
cranberry and cowberry. [Dictionary.com, Online-publication, May 16, 2005]
Traditional Use I: Lingonberry is the most important of all forest berries
in Finland. Lingonberries are used in different kinds of jams, jellies, juices,
pasties, pie and porridges. Whipped lingonberry pudding served with
cream becomes a Finnish dessert. [arctic-flavours.fi/english/puolukkaen.htm]
Traditional Use II: Lingonberries are getting popular for landscaping of
AmericanÂ’s backyard. Lingonberries offer an exciting additional color and
fruit to gardens in Northern America. Lingonberries also called European
cranberry, partridgeberry, and foxberry, grows 4-16" high, and spreads
slowly through underground rhizomes.
It is simple to grow Lingonberries, you just need to place them in well-
drained sites with generous additions of organic matter such as peat, bark
or sawdust. Cross-pollination will improve production. Lingonberries
require very little fertilizer. Generally a balanced acid mixture used for
rhododendrons or azaleas once in the spring is sufficient. [http://www.
fallcreeknursery.com/nursery/v-lingonberries.html]
Composition: Lingonberries are rich source of fibers, sugar, vitamin A,
vitamin C and magnesium. Lingonberries also consist of large amount of
flavonoids and lignans. Lignans and flavonoids are believed to be anti-
cancer. Lingonberries are also rich in benzoic acid, thus, they are often
used as antimicrobial agents in food preparations. [http://www.arctic-flavours.
fi/english/puolukkaen.htm, http://www.arctic-flavours.fi/english/more.htm May 16, 2005]
Research Findings -Ingredients
Ingredients
Arbutin content in Lingonberry is about 4.44%. [Sun H et al,Determination of
arbutin in the herbs of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. by RP-HPLC, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1997
Sep;22(9):555 inside back cover]
The level of hydrophilic carboxylic acids in cranberries to be 2.67-3.57%
(w/v), in lingonberries 2.27-3.05%, and in blueberries 0.35-0.75%. In
lingonberries both iridoid glucosides were present. [Jensen HD et al Hydrophilic
carboxylic acids and iridoid glycosides in the juice of American and European cranberries
(Vaccinium macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos), lingonberries (V. vitis-idaea), and blueberries (V.
myrtillus). J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6871-4.
Among 25 common edible berries, bog whortleberry has the highest
content of quercetin (158 mg/kg, fresh weight) and lingonberry is at the
second place (74 and 146 mg/kg), The total contents of these flavonols
(100-263 mg/kg) in cranberry, bog whortleberry, lingonberry, black
currant, and crowberry are higher than those in the regularly consumed
fruits or vegetables, except for onion, kale, and broccoli. [Hakkinen SH et
alContent of the flavonols quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol in 25 edible berries, J Agric Food
Chem. 1999 Jun;47(6):2274-9.]
Researchers at U.S. Department of Agriculture, determined the antioxidant
activities of phenolics in fruits of blueberry, cranberry, wild chokeberry,
and lingonberry They found anthocyanins as the main components in all
these berries: chlorogenic acid in blueberry, quercetin glycosides in
cranberry and lingonberry, [Zheng W and Wang SY,Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of
phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2003
Jan 15;51(2):502-9]
Research Findings - LINGONBERRY'S Health Benefits
Antioxidant / Anti-cancer cells Activity
Lingonberry has been shown to contain high antioxidant activity.
Japanese researchers isolated six tannins from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
and found that cinnamtannin B1 displayed the strongest anti-lipid
peroxidation activity, proanthocyanidin A-1 displayed the strongest
superoxide scavenging activity, and epicatechin-(4beta--> 6)-epicatechin-
(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O--> 7)-catechin had the strongest anti-superoxide
formation effect. [Antioxidant activity of tannin components from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. J
Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Sep;51(9):1075-8.]
Researchers from University of Illinois found crude extracts of lowbush
blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry could inhibit ornithine
decarboxylase activity. They further identified that the proanthocyanidin
fraction of lowbush blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry exhibited the
most potential anticarcinogenic activity [Bomser J et al, In vitro anticancer activity of
fruit extracts from Vaccinium species, Planta Med. 1996 Jun;62(3):212-6.]
A few years later, researchers from U.S. Department of Agriculture
reported that lingonberries contained potent free radical scavenging
activities for DPPH*, ROO*, *OH, and O2*- radicals. They further reported
that lingonberry extract was able to suppress TPA-induced neoplastic
transformation of JB6 P(+) mice cells and lingonberry extract could also
induce apoptosis (death) of human leukemia HL-60 cells in a dose-
independent manner. [Wang SY, et al, Antioxidant activity in lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-
idaea L.) and its inhibitory effect on activator protein-1, nuclear factor-kappaB, and mitogen-
activated protein kinases activation. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Apr 20;53(8):3156-66.]
Antimicrobial infection / Urinary Tract Infection
Researchers from Taiwan isolated six tannins from lingonberry and they
found that epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-epicatechin-(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O-->7)
-catechin had strong antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis and P.
intermedia, but not A. actinomycetemcomitans. While, the other tannins
tested did not show antimicrobial activity. Ho KY et al, Antimicrobial activity of tannin
components from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;53(2):187-91.
Scientists from Finland recruited 150 women with urinary tract infection
caused by Escherichia coli and they served them with 50 ml of cranberry-
lingonberry juice concentrate daily for six months or 100 ml of lactobacillus
drink five days a week for one year, or no intervention. They found a 20%
reduction in absolute risk in the cranberry-lingonberry group compared
with the control group. [Kontiokari T et al, Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice
and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. BMJ. 2001 Jun
30;322(7302):1571. Regular drinking of cranberry-lingonberry juice concentrate reduced recurrent
urinary tract infections in women. Evid Based Nurs. 2002 Apr;5(2):43.]
Safety / Side Effects / Allergic effects
The level of poisonous metals in lingonberry (Vaccinum vitis-idaea)
liqueurs such as Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, and
Zn was determined to be very low: less than 0.1, Cd less than 0.005 and
Pb less than or equal to 0.1 mg/l. [Harju K and Ronkainen P. Metals in Finnish liqueurs.
Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1984 May;178(5):393-6.]
One case of allergy to lingonberry was reported in 2004. [Matheu V et al,
Allergy to lingonberry: A case report., Clin Mol Allergy. 2004 Mar 1;2(1):2.
Stability
According to HakkinenÂ’s report, traditional preservation of crushed
lingonberries in their own juice caused a considerable (40%) loss of
quercetin. Only 15% of quercetin and 30% of myricetin present in
unprocessed berries were retained in juices made by common domestic
methods (e.g. unpasteurized lingonberry juice). During 9 months of
storage at 20 C, quercetin content decreased markedly (40%) in bilberries
and lingonberries, [Influence of domestic processing and storage on flavonol contents in
berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Jul;48(7):2960-5.]
R&D
Scientists at Procter & Gamble Company may develop carbonated juice
beverage with cola taste selected from the group consisting of cranberry,
blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, cherry, currant, fig, date, prune,
dewberry, loganberry, boysenberry, strawberry, grape, elderberry,
lingonberry, quince, buckthorn, sloe, rowan, gooseberry, pomegranate, or
persimmonKupper et al, Carbonated juice beverage with cola taste, Patent No. 4,612,205
Stier, Roger E.; (Clifton, NJ) and Zanone, John; (Montville Township, NJ)
are developing edible compositions comprising freeze-dried flavoring
agents, wherein the flavoring agent or active component comprises freeze-
dried freshly harvested fruit, herb, vegetable, spice, extract or
combinations thereof. the fruit is selected from the group consisting of
orange, lemon, mango, pineapple, lime, strawberry, cherry, black currant,
red currant, blueberry, raspberry, wild berry, cranberry, apple, pear,
banana, prune, plums, coconut, grapefruit, mandarin, grape, gooseberry,
lingonberry, chokeberry, chokecherry and mixtures thereof.
Edible compositions comprising freeze-dried flavoring agents, Patent Application Number
20020182270
Bioavailability (Absorption)
Erlund I found that the absorption for quercetin is good based on a clinical
study of 40 healthy men aged 60 y. [Consumption of black currants, lingonberries and
bilberries increases serum quercetin concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;57(1):37-42.]
THIS ARTICLE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS PLEASE
CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR. ALL RIGHTs RESERVED 2008. DO NOT COPY NOR TRANSFER
TO OTHER WEBSITE(S) NOR BLOG(S)
Eurasia. Lingoberry has drooping clusters of small white or pinkish
flowers. Lingonberry produces more fruit in full sun. Its leaves are dark
green and waxy. Its berries are red and ripen in August. Like blueberry,
Lingonberry thrives in acid soils, pH 3.5 to 5. [sln.Potsdam.ny.us, online-
publication and arctic-flavours.fi/english/puolukkaen.htm; May 16, 2005]
Related terms: Vaccinium vitis-idaea , lingberry, lingoberry, mountain
cranberry and cowberry. [Dictionary.com, Online-publication, May 16, 2005]
Traditional Use I: Lingonberry is the most important of all forest berries
in Finland. Lingonberries are used in different kinds of jams, jellies, juices,
pasties, pie and porridges. Whipped lingonberry pudding served with
cream becomes a Finnish dessert. [arctic-flavours.fi/english/puolukkaen.htm]
Traditional Use II: Lingonberries are getting popular for landscaping of
AmericanÂ’s backyard. Lingonberries offer an exciting additional color and
fruit to gardens in Northern America. Lingonberries also called European
cranberry, partridgeberry, and foxberry, grows 4-16" high, and spreads
slowly through underground rhizomes.
It is simple to grow Lingonberries, you just need to place them in well-
drained sites with generous additions of organic matter such as peat, bark
or sawdust. Cross-pollination will improve production. Lingonberries
require very little fertilizer. Generally a balanced acid mixture used for
rhododendrons or azaleas once in the spring is sufficient. [http://www.
fallcreeknursery.com/nursery/v-lingonberries.html]
Composition: Lingonberries are rich source of fibers, sugar, vitamin A,
vitamin C and magnesium. Lingonberries also consist of large amount of
flavonoids and lignans. Lignans and flavonoids are believed to be anti-
cancer. Lingonberries are also rich in benzoic acid, thus, they are often
used as antimicrobial agents in food preparations. [http://www.arctic-flavours.
fi/english/puolukkaen.htm, http://www.arctic-flavours.fi/english/more.htm May 16, 2005]
Research Findings -Ingredients
Ingredients
Arbutin content in Lingonberry is about 4.44%. [Sun H et al,Determination of
arbutin in the herbs of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. by RP-HPLC, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1997
Sep;22(9):555 inside back cover]
The level of hydrophilic carboxylic acids in cranberries to be 2.67-3.57%
(w/v), in lingonberries 2.27-3.05%, and in blueberries 0.35-0.75%. In
lingonberries both iridoid glucosides were present. [Jensen HD et al Hydrophilic
carboxylic acids and iridoid glycosides in the juice of American and European cranberries
(Vaccinium macrocarpon and V. oxycoccos), lingonberries (V. vitis-idaea), and blueberries (V.
myrtillus). J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6871-4.
Among 25 common edible berries, bog whortleberry has the highest
content of quercetin (158 mg/kg, fresh weight) and lingonberry is at the
second place (74 and 146 mg/kg), The total contents of these flavonols
(100-263 mg/kg) in cranberry, bog whortleberry, lingonberry, black
currant, and crowberry are higher than those in the regularly consumed
fruits or vegetables, except for onion, kale, and broccoli. [Hakkinen SH et
alContent of the flavonols quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol in 25 edible berries, J Agric Food
Chem. 1999 Jun;47(6):2274-9.]
Researchers at U.S. Department of Agriculture, determined the antioxidant
activities of phenolics in fruits of blueberry, cranberry, wild chokeberry,
and lingonberry They found anthocyanins as the main components in all
these berries: chlorogenic acid in blueberry, quercetin glycosides in
cranberry and lingonberry, [Zheng W and Wang SY,Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of
phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2003
Jan 15;51(2):502-9]
Research Findings - LINGONBERRY'S Health Benefits
Antioxidant / Anti-cancer cells Activity
Lingonberry has been shown to contain high antioxidant activity.
Japanese researchers isolated six tannins from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
and found that cinnamtannin B1 displayed the strongest anti-lipid
peroxidation activity, proanthocyanidin A-1 displayed the strongest
superoxide scavenging activity, and epicatechin-(4beta--> 6)-epicatechin-
(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O--> 7)-catechin had the strongest anti-superoxide
formation effect. [Antioxidant activity of tannin components from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. J
Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Sep;51(9):1075-8.]
Researchers from University of Illinois found crude extracts of lowbush
blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry could inhibit ornithine
decarboxylase activity. They further identified that the proanthocyanidin
fraction of lowbush blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry exhibited the
most potential anticarcinogenic activity [Bomser J et al, In vitro anticancer activity of
fruit extracts from Vaccinium species, Planta Med. 1996 Jun;62(3):212-6.]
A few years later, researchers from U.S. Department of Agriculture
reported that lingonberries contained potent free radical scavenging
activities for DPPH*, ROO*, *OH, and O2*- radicals. They further reported
that lingonberry extract was able to suppress TPA-induced neoplastic
transformation of JB6 P(+) mice cells and lingonberry extract could also
induce apoptosis (death) of human leukemia HL-60 cells in a dose-
independent manner. [Wang SY, et al, Antioxidant activity in lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-
idaea L.) and its inhibitory effect on activator protein-1, nuclear factor-kappaB, and mitogen-
activated protein kinases activation. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Apr 20;53(8):3156-66.]
Antimicrobial infection / Urinary Tract Infection
Researchers from Taiwan isolated six tannins from lingonberry and they
found that epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-epicatechin-(4beta-->8, 2beta-->O-->7)
-catechin had strong antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis and P.
intermedia, but not A. actinomycetemcomitans. While, the other tannins
tested did not show antimicrobial activity. Ho KY et al, Antimicrobial activity of tannin
components from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;53(2):187-91.
Scientists from Finland recruited 150 women with urinary tract infection
caused by Escherichia coli and they served them with 50 ml of cranberry-
lingonberry juice concentrate daily for six months or 100 ml of lactobacillus
drink five days a week for one year, or no intervention. They found a 20%
reduction in absolute risk in the cranberry-lingonberry group compared
with the control group. [Kontiokari T et al, Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice
and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. BMJ. 2001 Jun
30;322(7302):1571. Regular drinking of cranberry-lingonberry juice concentrate reduced recurrent
urinary tract infections in women. Evid Based Nurs. 2002 Apr;5(2):43.]
Safety / Side Effects / Allergic effects
The level of poisonous metals in lingonberry (Vaccinum vitis-idaea)
liqueurs such as Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, and
Zn was determined to be very low: less than 0.1, Cd less than 0.005 and
Pb less than or equal to 0.1 mg/l. [Harju K and Ronkainen P. Metals in Finnish liqueurs.
Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1984 May;178(5):393-6.]
One case of allergy to lingonberry was reported in 2004. [Matheu V et al,
Allergy to lingonberry: A case report., Clin Mol Allergy. 2004 Mar 1;2(1):2.
Stability
According to HakkinenÂ’s report, traditional preservation of crushed
lingonberries in their own juice caused a considerable (40%) loss of
quercetin. Only 15% of quercetin and 30% of myricetin present in
unprocessed berries were retained in juices made by common domestic
methods (e.g. unpasteurized lingonberry juice). During 9 months of
storage at 20 C, quercetin content decreased markedly (40%) in bilberries
and lingonberries, [Influence of domestic processing and storage on flavonol contents in
berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Jul;48(7):2960-5.]
R&D
Scientists at Procter & Gamble Company may develop carbonated juice
beverage with cola taste selected from the group consisting of cranberry,
blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, cherry, currant, fig, date, prune,
dewberry, loganberry, boysenberry, strawberry, grape, elderberry,
lingonberry, quince, buckthorn, sloe, rowan, gooseberry, pomegranate, or
persimmonKupper et al, Carbonated juice beverage with cola taste, Patent No. 4,612,205
Stier, Roger E.; (Clifton, NJ) and Zanone, John; (Montville Township, NJ)
are developing edible compositions comprising freeze-dried flavoring
agents, wherein the flavoring agent or active component comprises freeze-
dried freshly harvested fruit, herb, vegetable, spice, extract or
combinations thereof. the fruit is selected from the group consisting of
orange, lemon, mango, pineapple, lime, strawberry, cherry, black currant,
red currant, blueberry, raspberry, wild berry, cranberry, apple, pear,
banana, prune, plums, coconut, grapefruit, mandarin, grape, gooseberry,
lingonberry, chokeberry, chokecherry and mixtures thereof.
Edible compositions comprising freeze-dried flavoring agents, Patent Application Number
20020182270
Bioavailability (Absorption)
Erlund I found that the absorption for quercetin is good based on a clinical
study of 40 healthy men aged 60 y. [Consumption of black currants, lingonberries and
bilberries increases serum quercetin concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;57(1):37-42.]
THIS ARTICLE IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS PLEASE
CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR. ALL RIGHTs RESERVED 2008. DO NOT COPY NOR TRANSFER
TO OTHER WEBSITE(S) NOR BLOG(S)
Lingonberry Benefits and Side Effects;
RESEARCH FINDS Zhion@Zhion.com September 10, 2008
RESEARCH FINDS Zhion@Zhion.com September 10, 2008
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Acetyl-L Carnitine
Acidophilus
Bladderwrack
Bilberry
Chromium
CLA
Cod Liver Oil
Coenzyme Q
Colostrum
Dandelion
EGCG
Echinacea
Eleuthero
Ellagic Acid
Eve. Primrose Oil
Fish Oil
Flaxseed
Garlic
Ginger
Ginseng
Ginkgo Biloba
Glucosamine
Gotu Kola
Guar Gum
Hyaluronic acid
Lecithin
Lycopene
Milk Thistle
Nattokinase
Passion Flower
Probiotics
Policosanol /
Polycosanol
Pycnogenol
Reishi / Lingzhi
Resveratrol
Rhodiola
Royal Jelly
Stevia
Whey
Xylitol
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