IMPROVING CHOLESTEROL PROFILES
WITHOUT TAKING A PILL
INTRODUCTION
Elevated serum cholesterol is clearly associated with a high risk of heart
disease. Most doctors suggest cholesterol levels should stay under 200
mg/dl or even below 180 mg/dl. Medical laboratories divide total cholesterol
measurement into several components: LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good)
cholesterol and total serum cholesterol. The LDL cholesterol is directly
linked to heart disease and the HDL cholesterol is protective.
FOOD YOU SHOULD AVOID- THEY MAY ELEVATE YOUR SERUM
CHOLESTEROL, LDL CHOLESTEROL AND/OR REDUCE YOUR HDL
CHOLESTEROL
Beef, pork, veal, poultry, cheese, butter, egg, ice cream and all other forms
of dairy products not labeled "fat free" contain large amount of saturated fat
[1-3]. Palm and coconut oils contain small amounts of saturated fat. Overall,
they have been reported to elevate cholesterol [4-14]. In addition, drinking
boiled or French press coffee and stress increases cholesterol levels [15,
16]. Eating sugar may reduce protective HDL cholesterol [17-18].
People with high cholesterol are commonly advised to reduce their
consumption of dietary cholesterol and saturated fats. However, some
people who significantly reduce intake of animal fats for months but do not
see a reduction in cholesterol levels [19]. Cholesterol-lowering medications,
such as bile acid sequestrants, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are often
prescribed.
FOOD YOU SHOULD ADD INTO YOUR DIET-THEY MAY LOWER YOUR
SERUM CHOLESTEROL, LDL CHOLESTEROL AND/OR IMPROVE YOUR
HDL CHOLESTEROL
They include yogurt, acidophilus milk, kefir, fiber-beans, oats, psyllium
seed, glucomannan and fruit pectin, flaxseed, soy products, olive oil, garlic,
fish, alcohol (moderate consumption) and nuts such as almonds and
walnuts [20-57, 59, 60]. Exercise including walking and weight loss can also
improve your cholesterol profiles [58, 61-64].
HOME
THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS, YOU SHOULD CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY. DO NOT COPY
NOR TRANSFER THIS ARTICLE TO OTHER WEBSITE(S) OR BLOG(S).
ALL RIGHT RESERVED 2008
References
1. Kromhout D, Menotti A, Bloemberg B, et al. Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and
cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: the Seven Countries
Study. Prev Med 1995;24:308-15.
2. Tell GS, Evans GW, Folsom AR, et al. Dietary fat intake and carotid artery wall
thickness: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Epidemiol
1994;139:979-89.
3. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary
heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet 1990;336:129-33.
4. Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects of lauric acid and palmitic acid on
plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:895-8.
5. Zock PL, de Vries JHM, Katan MB. Impact of myristic acid versus palmitic acid on
serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in healthy women and men. Arterioscler Thromb
1994;14:567-75.
6. Kumar PD. The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart disease in Kerala,
south India. Trop Doct 1997;27:215-7.
7. Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects lof auric acid and palmitic acid on
plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:895-8.
8. Mendis S, Kumarasunderam R. The effect of daily consumption of coconut fat and
soya-bean fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of young normolipidaemic men. Br J
Nutr 1990;63:547-52.
9. Thorogood M, Carter R, Benfield L, et al. Plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol
concentrations in people with different diets in Britain. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
1987;295:351-3.
10. Burr ML, Sweetnam PM. Vegetarianism, dietary fiber and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr
1982;36:873-7.
11. Resnicow K, Barone J, Engle A, et al. Diet and serum lipids in vegan vegetarians: a
model for risk reduction. J Am Dietet Assoc 1991;91:447-53.
12. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary
heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet 1990;336:129-33.
13. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of
coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7.
14. Connor SL, Connor WE. The importance of dietary cholesterol in coronary heart
disease. Prev Med 1983;12:115-23 [review].
15. Urgert R, Schulz AG, Katan MB. Effects of cafestol and kahweol from coffee grounds
on serum lipids and serum liver enzymes in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:149-54.
16. McCann BS, Warnick R, Knopp RH. Changes in plasma lipids and dietary intake
accompanying shifts in perceived workload and stress. Psychosomatic Med
1990;52:97-108.
17. Yudkin J, Kang SS, Bruckdorfer KR. Effects of high dietary sugar. Br Med J
1980;281:1396.
18. Reiser S. Effect of dietary sugars on metabolic risk factors associated with heart
disease. Nutr Health 1985;3:203-16.
19. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. A very-low-fat diet is not
associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large,
low-density lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:411-8.
20. Hepner G, Fried R, St Jeor S, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of yogurt and milk.
Am J Clin Nutr 1979;19-24.
21. Agerholm-Larsen L, Raben A, Haulrik N, et al. Effect of 8 week intake of probiotic
milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr
2000;54:288-97
.
22. Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Batlouni M. Evaluation of the effects of a new fermented
milk product (Gaio) on primary hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:97-101.
23. Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus
acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr
1999;18:43-50.
24. Schaafsma G, Meuling WJ, van Dokkum W, Bouley C. Effects of a milk product,
fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with fructo-oligosaccharides added, on
blood lipids in male volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:436-40.
25. Agerbaek M, Gerdes LU, Richelsen B. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of a new
fermented milk product in healthy middle-aged men. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49:346-52.
26. Richelsen B, Kristensen K, Pedersen SB. Long-term (6 months) effect of a new
fermented milk product on the level of plasma lipoproteins-a placebo-controlled and
double blind study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50:811-5.
27. Anderson JW, Chen WJL. Legumes and their soluble fiber: effect on cholesterol-rich
lipoproteins. In: Furda I, ed. Unconventional Sources of Dietary Fiber. Washington, DC:
American Chemical Society, 1983.
28. Ripsin CM, Keenan JM, Jacobs DR, et al. Oat products and lipid lowering—a
meta-analysis. JAMA 1992;267:3317-25.
29. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of
psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with
hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr
2000;71:472-9.
30. Miettinen TA, Tarpila S. Effect of pectin on serum cholesterol, fecal bile acids and
biliary lipids in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals. Clin Chim Acta
1977;79:471–7.
31. Glore SR, Van Treeck D, Knehans AW, Guild M. Soluble fiber and serum lipids: a
literature review. J Am Dietet Assoc 1994;94:425-36.
32. Romero AL, Romero JE, Galaviz S, Fernandez ML. Cookies enriched with psyllium
or oat bran lower plasma LDL cholesterol in normal and hypercholesterolemic men
from Northern Mexico. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:601-8.
33. Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein R, Watkins TR. Reducing atherogenic risk in
hyperlipemic humans with flaxseed supplementation: a preliminary report. J Am Coll
Nutr 1993;12:501-4.
34. Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, et al. High alpha-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum
usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans. Br J Nutr 1993;69:443-53.
35. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy
protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1995;3333:276-82.
36. Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L, et al. Double-blind study of the addition of
high-protein soya milk v. cows’ milk to the diet of patients with severe
hypercholesterolaemia and resistance to or intolerance of statins. Br J Nutr
1999;82:91-6.
37. Teixeira SR, Potter SM, Weigel R, et al. Effects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3
and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men.
Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1077-84.
38. Baum JA, Teng H, Erdman JW Jr, et al. Long-term intake of soy protein improves
blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell low-density-lipoprotein receptor
messenger RNA in hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr
1998;68:545-51.
39. Crouse JR 3rd, Morgan T, Terry JG, et al. A randomized trial comparing the effect of
casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma
concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2070-6.
40. Baggio G, Pagnan A, Muraca M, et al. Olive-oil-enriched diet: effect on serum
lipoprotein levels and biliary cholesterol saturation. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:960-4.
41. Kris-Etherton PM, Pearson TA, Wan Y, et al. High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets
lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr
1999;70:1009-15.
42. Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SL. Effect of garlic on total serum
cholesterol—a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:599-605.
43. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Frequent nut consumption and risk of
coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1998;317:1341-5.
44. Fraser GE, Sabaté J, Beeson WL, Strahan TM. A possible protective effect of nut
consumption on risk of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1416-24.
45. Abbey M, Noakes M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Partial replacement of saturated fatty
acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and
low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:995-9.
46. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a review
of epidemiologic evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 1999;1:204-9.
47. Spiller GA, Jenkins DA, Bosello O, et al. Nuts and plasma lipids: an almond-based
diet lowers LDL-C while preserving HDL-C. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:285-90.
48. Spiller GA, Jenkins DJ, Cragen LN, et al. Effect of a diet high in monounsaturated fat
from almonds on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:126-30.
49. Sabaté J, Fraser GE, Burke K, et al. Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and
blood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med 1993;328:603-7.
50. Zambon D, Campero B, Perez-Heras A, et al. Effects of walnuts on the serum lipid
profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: the Barcelona Walnut Trial. FASEB J
1998;12:A506 [abstract].
51. Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, et al. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat
improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A
randomized crossover trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:538-46.
52. Colquhoun D, Moores D, Humphries J, Somerset S. Comparison of a high
monounsaturated fatty acid diet (enriched with macadamia nut) and a high
carbohydrate diet on blood lipids [abstract]. Proceedings of the 59th European
Atherosclerosis Congress. Nice, France: May 1992, 17-21.
53. Curb JD, Wergowski G, Abbott RD, et al. High mono-unsaturated fat macadamia nut
diets: effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins. FASEB J 1998;12:A506 [abstract].
54. Fraser GE. Nut consumption, lipids, and risk of a coronary event. Clin Cardiol
1999;22(7 Suppl):III11-5 [review].
55. Curb JD, Wergowske G, Dobbs JC, et al. Serum lipid effects of a
high-monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts. Arch Intern Med
2000;160:1154-8.
56. Durak I, Köksal I, Kaçmaz M, et al. Hazelnut supplementation enhances plasma
antioxidant potential and lowers plasma cholesterol levels. Clin Chim Actia
1999;284:113-5 [letter].
57. Edwards K, Kwaw I, Matud J, Kurtz I. Effect of pistachio nuts on serum lipid levels in
patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:229-32.
58. Tran ZV, Weltman A. Differential effects of exercise on serum lipid and lipoprotein
levels seen with changes in body weight: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1985;254:919-24.
59. Santos MJ, Lopez-Jurado M, Llopis J, et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with
fish on plasma total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in patients with
coronary heart disease. J Nutr Med 1992;3:107-15.
60. Dai WS, Laporte RE, Hom DL, et al. Alcohol consumption and high density
lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among alcoholics. Am J Epidemiol
1985;122:620-7.
61. Reaven PD, McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor EL, Criqui MH. Leisure time exercise and
lipid and lipoprotein levels in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:847-54.
62. Duncan JJ, Gordon NF, Scott CB. Women walking for health and
fitness—how much is enough? JAMA 1991;266:3295-9.
63. Di Buono M, Hannah JS, Katzel LI, Jones PJH. Weight loss due to energy restriction
suppresses cholesterol bioshynthesis in overweight, mildly hypercholesterolemic men.
J Nutr 1999;129:1545-8.
64. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon DM, et al. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins
in overweight
WITHOUT TAKING A PILL
INTRODUCTION
Elevated serum cholesterol is clearly associated with a high risk of heart
disease. Most doctors suggest cholesterol levels should stay under 200
mg/dl or even below 180 mg/dl. Medical laboratories divide total cholesterol
measurement into several components: LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good)
cholesterol and total serum cholesterol. The LDL cholesterol is directly
linked to heart disease and the HDL cholesterol is protective.
FOOD YOU SHOULD AVOID- THEY MAY ELEVATE YOUR SERUM
CHOLESTEROL, LDL CHOLESTEROL AND/OR REDUCE YOUR HDL
CHOLESTEROL
Beef, pork, veal, poultry, cheese, butter, egg, ice cream and all other forms
of dairy products not labeled "fat free" contain large amount of saturated fat
[1-3]. Palm and coconut oils contain small amounts of saturated fat. Overall,
they have been reported to elevate cholesterol [4-14]. In addition, drinking
boiled or French press coffee and stress increases cholesterol levels [15,
16]. Eating sugar may reduce protective HDL cholesterol [17-18].
People with high cholesterol are commonly advised to reduce their
consumption of dietary cholesterol and saturated fats. However, some
people who significantly reduce intake of animal fats for months but do not
see a reduction in cholesterol levels [19]. Cholesterol-lowering medications,
such as bile acid sequestrants, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are often
prescribed.
FOOD YOU SHOULD ADD INTO YOUR DIET-THEY MAY LOWER YOUR
SERUM CHOLESTEROL, LDL CHOLESTEROL AND/OR IMPROVE YOUR
HDL CHOLESTEROL
They include yogurt, acidophilus milk, kefir, fiber-beans, oats, psyllium
seed, glucomannan and fruit pectin, flaxseed, soy products, olive oil, garlic,
fish, alcohol (moderate consumption) and nuts such as almonds and
walnuts [20-57, 59, 60]. Exercise including walking and weight loss can also
improve your cholesterol profiles [58, 61-64].
HOME
THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS FOR YOUR REFERENCE ONLY. IF YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS, YOU SHOULD CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR IMMEDIATELY. DO NOT COPY
NOR TRANSFER THIS ARTICLE TO OTHER WEBSITE(S) OR BLOG(S).
ALL RIGHT RESERVED 2008
References
1. Kromhout D, Menotti A, Bloemberg B, et al. Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and
cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: the Seven Countries
Study. Prev Med 1995;24:308-15.
2. Tell GS, Evans GW, Folsom AR, et al. Dietary fat intake and carotid artery wall
thickness: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Epidemiol
1994;139:979-89.
3. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary
heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet 1990;336:129-33.
4. Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects of lauric acid and palmitic acid on
plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:895-8.
5. Zock PL, de Vries JHM, Katan MB. Impact of myristic acid versus palmitic acid on
serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in healthy women and men. Arterioscler Thromb
1994;14:567-75.
6. Kumar PD. The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart disease in Kerala,
south India. Trop Doct 1997;27:215-7.
7. Denke MA, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects lof auric acid and palmitic acid on
plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:895-8.
8. Mendis S, Kumarasunderam R. The effect of daily consumption of coconut fat and
soya-bean fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of young normolipidaemic men. Br J
Nutr 1990;63:547-52.
9. Thorogood M, Carter R, Benfield L, et al. Plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol
concentrations in people with different diets in Britain. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
1987;295:351-3.
10. Burr ML, Sweetnam PM. Vegetarianism, dietary fiber and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr
1982;36:873-7.
11. Resnicow K, Barone J, Engle A, et al. Diet and serum lipids in vegan vegetarians: a
model for risk reduction. J Am Dietet Assoc 1991;91:447-53.
12. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary
heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet 1990;336:129-33.
13. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of
coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7.
14. Connor SL, Connor WE. The importance of dietary cholesterol in coronary heart
disease. Prev Med 1983;12:115-23 [review].
15. Urgert R, Schulz AG, Katan MB. Effects of cafestol and kahweol from coffee grounds
on serum lipids and serum liver enzymes in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:149-54.
16. McCann BS, Warnick R, Knopp RH. Changes in plasma lipids and dietary intake
accompanying shifts in perceived workload and stress. Psychosomatic Med
1990;52:97-108.
17. Yudkin J, Kang SS, Bruckdorfer KR. Effects of high dietary sugar. Br Med J
1980;281:1396.
18. Reiser S. Effect of dietary sugars on metabolic risk factors associated with heart
disease. Nutr Health 1985;3:203-16.
19. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. A very-low-fat diet is not
associated with improved lipoprotein profiles in men with a predominance of large,
low-density lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:411-8.
20. Hepner G, Fried R, St Jeor S, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of yogurt and milk.
Am J Clin Nutr 1979;19-24.
21. Agerholm-Larsen L, Raben A, Haulrik N, et al. Effect of 8 week intake of probiotic
milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr
2000;54:288-97
.
22. Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Batlouni M. Evaluation of the effects of a new fermented
milk product (Gaio) on primary hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:97-101.
23. Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus
acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr
1999;18:43-50.
24. Schaafsma G, Meuling WJ, van Dokkum W, Bouley C. Effects of a milk product,
fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with fructo-oligosaccharides added, on
blood lipids in male volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:436-40.
25. Agerbaek M, Gerdes LU, Richelsen B. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of a new
fermented milk product in healthy middle-aged men. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49:346-52.
26. Richelsen B, Kristensen K, Pedersen SB. Long-term (6 months) effect of a new
fermented milk product on the level of plasma lipoproteins-a placebo-controlled and
double blind study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50:811-5.
27. Anderson JW, Chen WJL. Legumes and their soluble fiber: effect on cholesterol-rich
lipoproteins. In: Furda I, ed. Unconventional Sources of Dietary Fiber. Washington, DC:
American Chemical Society, 1983.
28. Ripsin CM, Keenan JM, Jacobs DR, et al. Oat products and lipid lowering—a
meta-analysis. JAMA 1992;267:3317-25.
29. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of
psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with
hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr
2000;71:472-9.
30. Miettinen TA, Tarpila S. Effect of pectin on serum cholesterol, fecal bile acids and
biliary lipids in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals. Clin Chim Acta
1977;79:471–7.
31. Glore SR, Van Treeck D, Knehans AW, Guild M. Soluble fiber and serum lipids: a
literature review. J Am Dietet Assoc 1994;94:425-36.
32. Romero AL, Romero JE, Galaviz S, Fernandez ML. Cookies enriched with psyllium
or oat bran lower plasma LDL cholesterol in normal and hypercholesterolemic men
from Northern Mexico. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:601-8.
33. Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein R, Watkins TR. Reducing atherogenic risk in
hyperlipemic humans with flaxseed supplementation: a preliminary report. J Am Coll
Nutr 1993;12:501-4.
34. Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, et al. High alpha-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum
usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans. Br J Nutr 1993;69:443-53.
35. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy
protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1995;3333:276-82.
36. Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L, et al. Double-blind study of the addition of
high-protein soya milk v. cows’ milk to the diet of patients with severe
hypercholesterolaemia and resistance to or intolerance of statins. Br J Nutr
1999;82:91-6.
37. Teixeira SR, Potter SM, Weigel R, et al. Effects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3
and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men.
Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1077-84.
38. Baum JA, Teng H, Erdman JW Jr, et al. Long-term intake of soy protein improves
blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell low-density-lipoprotein receptor
messenger RNA in hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr
1998;68:545-51.
39. Crouse JR 3rd, Morgan T, Terry JG, et al. A randomized trial comparing the effect of
casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma
concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2070-6.
40. Baggio G, Pagnan A, Muraca M, et al. Olive-oil-enriched diet: effect on serum
lipoprotein levels and biliary cholesterol saturation. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:960-4.
41. Kris-Etherton PM, Pearson TA, Wan Y, et al. High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets
lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr
1999;70:1009-15.
42. Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SL. Effect of garlic on total serum
cholesterol—a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:599-605.
43. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Frequent nut consumption and risk of
coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1998;317:1341-5.
44. Fraser GE, Sabaté J, Beeson WL, Strahan TM. A possible protective effect of nut
consumption on risk of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1416-24.
45. Abbey M, Noakes M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Partial replacement of saturated fatty
acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and
low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:995-9.
46. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a review
of epidemiologic evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 1999;1:204-9.
47. Spiller GA, Jenkins DA, Bosello O, et al. Nuts and plasma lipids: an almond-based
diet lowers LDL-C while preserving HDL-C. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:285-90.
48. Spiller GA, Jenkins DJ, Cragen LN, et al. Effect of a diet high in monounsaturated fat
from almonds on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:126-30.
49. Sabaté J, Fraser GE, Burke K, et al. Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and
blood pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med 1993;328:603-7.
50. Zambon D, Campero B, Perez-Heras A, et al. Effects of walnuts on the serum lipid
profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: the Barcelona Walnut Trial. FASEB J
1998;12:A506 [abstract].
51. Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, et al. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat
improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A
randomized crossover trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:538-46.
52. Colquhoun D, Moores D, Humphries J, Somerset S. Comparison of a high
monounsaturated fatty acid diet (enriched with macadamia nut) and a high
carbohydrate diet on blood lipids [abstract]. Proceedings of the 59th European
Atherosclerosis Congress. Nice, France: May 1992, 17-21.
53. Curb JD, Wergowski G, Abbott RD, et al. High mono-unsaturated fat macadamia nut
diets: effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins. FASEB J 1998;12:A506 [abstract].
54. Fraser GE. Nut consumption, lipids, and risk of a coronary event. Clin Cardiol
1999;22(7 Suppl):III11-5 [review].
55. Curb JD, Wergowske G, Dobbs JC, et al. Serum lipid effects of a
high-monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts. Arch Intern Med
2000;160:1154-8.
56. Durak I, Köksal I, Kaçmaz M, et al. Hazelnut supplementation enhances plasma
antioxidant potential and lowers plasma cholesterol levels. Clin Chim Actia
1999;284:113-5 [letter].
57. Edwards K, Kwaw I, Matud J, Kurtz I. Effect of pistachio nuts on serum lipid levels in
patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:229-32.
58. Tran ZV, Weltman A. Differential effects of exercise on serum lipid and lipoprotein
levels seen with changes in body weight: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1985;254:919-24.
59. Santos MJ, Lopez-Jurado M, Llopis J, et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with
fish on plasma total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in patients with
coronary heart disease. J Nutr Med 1992;3:107-15.
60. Dai WS, Laporte RE, Hom DL, et al. Alcohol consumption and high density
lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among alcoholics. Am J Epidemiol
1985;122:620-7.
61. Reaven PD, McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor EL, Criqui MH. Leisure time exercise and
lipid and lipoprotein levels in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:847-54.
62. Duncan JJ, Gordon NF, Scott CB. Women walking for health and
fitness—how much is enough? JAMA 1991;266:3295-9.
63. Di Buono M, Hannah JS, Katzel LI, Jones PJH. Weight loss due to energy restriction
suppresses cholesterol bioshynthesis in overweight, mildly hypercholesterolemic men.
J Nutr 1999;129:1545-8.
64. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon DM, et al. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins
in overweight
 |  |  |  |  |
