A recent report on bilberry (2008)
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is an oxidizing agent used as a food additive
which causes kidney damage as a potent nephrotoxic agent, and the
mechanism may be explained by the generation of oxygen free radicals.
Researchers found five-day oral administration of bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus
L.) extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg resulted in a reversal in serum BUN and
creatinine to normal levels and decreased kidney malondialdehyde (MDA),
nitric oxide (NO), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) levels. Also, bilberry
extract/supplement improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)
levels in kidney tissue. [29]
WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF BILBERRY?
Bilberry side effects can be serious. Bilberry possesses anti-platelet activity, it
may interact with NSAIDs, particularly aspirin. [26] Excessive drinking bilberry
juice may cause diarrhea. [27] One study of 2295 people given bilberry extract
found a 4% incidence of side effects or adverse events. The side effects
include mild digestive distress, skin rashes and drowsiness. [20] Chronic uses
of the bilberry leaf may lead to serious side effects. High doses of bilberry leaf
can be poisonous. [28]
WHAT ARE THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF BILBERRY?
Bilberry is one of the most frequently suggested herbal remedies in Italy.[10]
Why is bilberry so popular? Bilberry possesses of various potential health
benefits. Moderate consumption of bilberry extract may have the benefits of
lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease or improving visual functions. [3]
Bilberry is best known as a specific for the eyes. People always say that
bilberry is good for your eye. In World War II, British Royal Air Force noticed
that their night vision was sharper when they ate bilberry. [19].
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF BILBERRY
Bilberry fruits contain tannins. It may help treat diarrhea, sore throat, and
mouth inflammations. [18] Bilberry contains various anthocyanosides, which
may fortify blood vessel walls, improve blood flow and maintain good
circulation. They may also strengthen collagen to maintain healthy connective
tissue. [19]
BILBERRY JAM
Bilberry is traditionally used in jams, pies, cobblers, and cakes. To prepare
bilberry jam, combine 3 lb. of bilberry fruit with 1.5 lb of sugar and 1 cup of
water. Boil for 40 minutes. [18]
BILBERRY EXTRACT
Bilberry extracts are made from bilberries; the fruit of the bilberry plant. The
bilberries are extracted and concentrated to fortify the anthocyanins levels.
Anthocyanins are the coloring agents in the skin and juice of the bilberry.
These bilberry anthocyanins are flavonoids.
TRADITIONAL USES OF BILBERRY
Bilberry fruits are astringent and good for diarrhoea and dysentery. Bilberry
fruits were also used for discharges, and as antigalactagogues. A decoction of
bilberry leaves or bark of its root may be applied locally for ulcers of the mouth
and throat. Bilberry fruits may help scurvy and urinary complaints. [18]
BENEFITS OF BILBERRY EXTRACT
Bilberry extracts help strengthen the capillaries and other small blood vessels.
People call bilberry - circulatory microplumber. The primary use of bilberry
extract includes eye health and vision, microcirculation, spider veins and
varicose veins.
RESEARCH FINDINGS-BENEFITS OF BILBERRY
ANTIOXIDATION
Bilberry anthocyanins are antioxidants. Bilberry anthocyanins protect cells from
damage caused by free radicals. Bilberry anthocyanins are believed to have
specific effects on both the blood vessels and on the blood cells. Through
bilberry action, the capillaries become better for stretching. Blood flow
increases and red blood cells can deform easily into a shape to pass through
very narrow capillaries.
The antioxidant protection toward lipid oxidation was best provided by
lingonberry and bilberry phenolics followed by black currant and raspberry
phenolics. Bilberry phenolics exhibited very good overall antioxidant activity
toward protein oxidation. In bilberries, anthocyanins contributed the most to the
antioxidant effect by inhibiting the formation of both hexanal and protein
carbonyls. [11] Twelve major bilberry anthocyanins have been identified that
could react with nitric oxide (N)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) using capillary zone
electrophoresis. [12]
CIRCULATION
Researchers have studied the effect of bilberry extracts on circulatory
insufficiency. Clinical trials have shown bilberry's effectiveness on venous
insufficiency of the lower limbs. Bilberry induced increase both in flexibility of
the capillaries, bilberry restored normal blood flow.[23, 24]
Another study demonstrated bilberry extract was able to treat varicose veins in
the legs. [25] Subjects treated with bilberry test demonstrated improvement in
varicose syndrome such as cramps, heaviness, swelling of the calf and ankle
etc.
VISION PROTECTION
People always say, "Bilberry is good for your eye."
Cells taken up bilberry anthocyanins could modulate adverse effects of
pyridinium bisretinoid A2E. Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E is an autofluorescent
pigment; it accumulates in retinal pigment epithelial cells with age and in some
retinal disorders. It can mediate a detergent-like perturbation of cell
membranes and light-induced damage to the cell. [7] Bilberry may also benefit
cataract and glaucoma patients. [14]. While, some researchers couldn't find
any effect of bilberry on eye nor draw a conclusion about bilberry's effect on
eye [1,2]
ANTIMICROBAL GROWTH
Bilberry fruits contain antimicrobial compounds, eg phenolics and organic
acids. Bilberry possesses activities against Salmonella and Staphylococcus. [9]
ANTI-INFECTION
Bilberry extract may have inhibitory effect on H. pylori growth in in vitro studies.
[8]
ANTI-TUMOR / ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES
Bilberry extract contains anthocyanins and these chemicals allows bilberry
possess of anticancer activity. Three mechanisms for bilberry's anti-tumor
activities: (1) antioxidation (2) anticarcinogensis and (3) apoptosis induction of
tumor cells may be involved. [3]
In vitro study, bilberry extract was effective to inhibit the growth of HL60 human
leukemia cells and HCT116 colon carcinoma cells. Bilberry extract contains a
large amount of anthocyanins. Pure delphinidin and malvidin (isolated from the
bilberry) induced apoptosis in HL60 cells while delphinidon and the glycoside
(isolated from the bilberry extract) inhibited the growth of HCT116 cells [4].
Some other studies also demonstrated the anti-cancer activities of bilberry. [5].
Bilberry extracts were shown to inhibit the growth of colon-cancer-derived
HT-29 cells. [6] Bilberry was shown to sinhibit both H2O2 as well as TNF alpha
induced VEGF expression by the human keratinocytes. [13]
DIABETES MELLITUS
Blberry may help prevent complications of diabetes mellitus. [17]
ABSORPTION OF BILBERRY
The maximum plasma concentration of total bilberry anthocyanins happens
within 1.5 hr after ingestion of bilberry anthocyanins in 4 healthy elderly
women. [22]
Bilberry anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the small in rats. [16]
Bilberry anthocyanins are also efficiently absorbed in anesthetized rats. [21]
BILBERRY DEGRADATION
Processing can degrade the quercetin in bilberry seriously. Quercetin content
decreased markedly (40%) in bilberries during 9 months of storage at 20 C.
[15]
DOSAGE OF BILBERRY EXTRACTS
Based on most comercial bilberry products, the standardized bilberry extract
contains 36% bilberry anthocyanosides. The dosage is usually from 160 to
320 mg of bilberry extract.
This article is for your reference only. If you have any questions, please, consult with your doctor.
Thanks. ALL RIGHT RESERVED. DO NOT COPY NOR TRANSFER THIS ARTICLE TO OTHER
WEBSITES/BLOGS.
HOME
REFERENCES
1. Muth et al, The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast
sensitivity, Altern Med Rev. 2000 Apr;5(2):164-73. 2. Canter et al. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium mrtillus
(bilberry) for night vision-a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. 2004Jan-Feb;49(1):38-50.3. Hou
DX, Potential Mechanisms of Cancer Chemoprevention by Anthocyanins, Curr Mol Med. 2003
Mar,3(2):149-59.4. Katsube et al Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
and the anthocyanins., J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 1;51(1):68-75. 5. Bomser et al, In vitro anticancer
activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species, Planta Med. 1996 Jun;62(3):212-6. 6. Zhao C et al,
Effects of commercial anthocyanin-rich extracts on colonic cancer and nontumorigenic colonic cell
growth, J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct 6;52(20):6122-8. 7. Jang YP et al, Anthocyanins Protect Against
A2E Photooxidation and Membrane Permeabilization in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells, Photochem
Photobiol. 2005 Dec 1. 8. Chatterjee A et al, Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori in vitro by various berry
extracts, with enhanced susceptibility to clarithromycin, Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Oct;265(1-2):19-26. 9.
Puupponen-Pimia R et al, Bioactive berry compounds-novel tools against human pathogens, Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Apr;67(1):8-18. Epub 2004 Dec 2. 10. Cicero AF et al, What do herbalists
suggest to diabetic patients in order to improve glycemic control? Evaluation of scientific evidence and
potential risks. Acta Diabetol. 2004 Sep;41(3):91-8. 11. Viljanen K et al, Inhibition of protein and lipid
oxidation in liposomes by bilberry phenolics, J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 1;52(24):7419-24.12.
Ichiyanagi T et al, Simultaneous comparison of relative reactivities of twelve major anthocyanins in
bilberry towards reactive nitrogen species, Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2004 Nov;52(11):1312-5. 13 Roy S,
Anti-angiogenic property of edible bilberries, Free Radic Res. 2002 Sep;36(9):1023-31. 14. Head KA,
Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma, Altern Med Rev. 2001
Apr;6(2):141-66. 15. Influence of domestic processing and storage on flavonol contents in bilberries J
Agric Food Chem. 2000 Jul;48(7):2960-5. 16. Talavera S et al, Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed
from the small intestine in rats, J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2275-9. 17. Savickiene N et al, Importance of
biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus,
Medicina (Kaunas). 2002;38(10):970-5. 18. Bilberry, Botanical.com, A Modern Herbal by Mrs. M. Grieve,
April 21, 2005. 19. Wholehealthmd.com, April 21, 2005. 20. Eandi M. Post Marketing Investigation on
TegensW preparatin with respect to side effects. Unpublished resuts. Cited by Morazoni P et al,
Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry, Fitoterapia 1996;67:3-19. 21. Talavera S. found that bilberry anthocyanins
are efficiently absorbed in anesthetized rats. J Nutr. 2003 Dec;133(12):4178-82. 22. Cao G et al,
Anthocyanins are absorbed in glycated forms in elderly women: a pharmacokinetic study. Am J Clin Nutr.
2001 May; 73(5):920-6. 23. guerrini M. Report on clinical trial of bilberry anthocyanosides in the
treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Instituto di Patalogia Speciale Medica e
Methodologia Clinica, Universita di Siena. 1987 24. Corsi S. Report on trial of bilberry anthocyanosides
(Tegens - Inverni delta Beffa) in the medical treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Casa di
Cura S. Chiara, Florence, Italy. 1987. 25. Gatta L. Controlled clinical trial among patients designed to
assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Tegens 160. Ospedale Filippo del Ponte, Varese, Italy 1982.
26. Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. Abebe W. J Clin Pharm
Ther. 2002 Dec;27(6):391-401. 27. Hoekstra JH et al Fruit juice malabsorption: not only fructose. Acta
Paediatr. 1995 Nov;84(11):1241-4. 28. www.richters.com online publication Bilberry Poisonous? Conrad
Richter, December 20, 1999. [29] Bao L et al, Protective effects of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)
extract on KBrO3-induced kidney damage in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Jan 23;56(2):420-5. Epub
2007 Dec 20
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is an oxidizing agent used as a food additive
which causes kidney damage as a potent nephrotoxic agent, and the
mechanism may be explained by the generation of oxygen free radicals.
Researchers found five-day oral administration of bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus
L.) extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg resulted in a reversal in serum BUN and
creatinine to normal levels and decreased kidney malondialdehyde (MDA),
nitric oxide (NO), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) levels. Also, bilberry
extract/supplement improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)
levels in kidney tissue. [29]
WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF BILBERRY?
Bilberry side effects can be serious. Bilberry possesses anti-platelet activity, it
may interact with NSAIDs, particularly aspirin. [26] Excessive drinking bilberry
juice may cause diarrhea. [27] One study of 2295 people given bilberry extract
found a 4% incidence of side effects or adverse events. The side effects
include mild digestive distress, skin rashes and drowsiness. [20] Chronic uses
of the bilberry leaf may lead to serious side effects. High doses of bilberry leaf
can be poisonous. [28]
WHAT ARE THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF BILBERRY?
Bilberry is one of the most frequently suggested herbal remedies in Italy.[10]
Why is bilberry so popular? Bilberry possesses of various potential health
benefits. Moderate consumption of bilberry extract may have the benefits of
lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease or improving visual functions. [3]
Bilberry is best known as a specific for the eyes. People always say that
bilberry is good for your eye. In World War II, British Royal Air Force noticed
that their night vision was sharper when they ate bilberry. [19].
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF BILBERRY
Bilberry fruits contain tannins. It may help treat diarrhea, sore throat, and
mouth inflammations. [18] Bilberry contains various anthocyanosides, which
may fortify blood vessel walls, improve blood flow and maintain good
circulation. They may also strengthen collagen to maintain healthy connective
tissue. [19]
BILBERRY JAM
Bilberry is traditionally used in jams, pies, cobblers, and cakes. To prepare
bilberry jam, combine 3 lb. of bilberry fruit with 1.5 lb of sugar and 1 cup of
water. Boil for 40 minutes. [18]
BILBERRY EXTRACT
Bilberry extracts are made from bilberries; the fruit of the bilberry plant. The
bilberries are extracted and concentrated to fortify the anthocyanins levels.
Anthocyanins are the coloring agents in the skin and juice of the bilberry.
These bilberry anthocyanins are flavonoids.
TRADITIONAL USES OF BILBERRY
Bilberry fruits are astringent and good for diarrhoea and dysentery. Bilberry
fruits were also used for discharges, and as antigalactagogues. A decoction of
bilberry leaves or bark of its root may be applied locally for ulcers of the mouth
and throat. Bilberry fruits may help scurvy and urinary complaints. [18]
BENEFITS OF BILBERRY EXTRACT
Bilberry extracts help strengthen the capillaries and other small blood vessels.
People call bilberry - circulatory microplumber. The primary use of bilberry
extract includes eye health and vision, microcirculation, spider veins and
varicose veins.
RESEARCH FINDINGS-BENEFITS OF BILBERRY
ANTIOXIDATION
Bilberry anthocyanins are antioxidants. Bilberry anthocyanins protect cells from
damage caused by free radicals. Bilberry anthocyanins are believed to have
specific effects on both the blood vessels and on the blood cells. Through
bilberry action, the capillaries become better for stretching. Blood flow
increases and red blood cells can deform easily into a shape to pass through
very narrow capillaries.
The antioxidant protection toward lipid oxidation was best provided by
lingonberry and bilberry phenolics followed by black currant and raspberry
phenolics. Bilberry phenolics exhibited very good overall antioxidant activity
toward protein oxidation. In bilberries, anthocyanins contributed the most to the
antioxidant effect by inhibiting the formation of both hexanal and protein
carbonyls. [11] Twelve major bilberry anthocyanins have been identified that
could react with nitric oxide (N)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) using capillary zone
electrophoresis. [12]
CIRCULATION
Researchers have studied the effect of bilberry extracts on circulatory
insufficiency. Clinical trials have shown bilberry's effectiveness on venous
insufficiency of the lower limbs. Bilberry induced increase both in flexibility of
the capillaries, bilberry restored normal blood flow.[23, 24]
Another study demonstrated bilberry extract was able to treat varicose veins in
the legs. [25] Subjects treated with bilberry test demonstrated improvement in
varicose syndrome such as cramps, heaviness, swelling of the calf and ankle
etc.
VISION PROTECTION
People always say, "Bilberry is good for your eye."
Cells taken up bilberry anthocyanins could modulate adverse effects of
pyridinium bisretinoid A2E. Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E is an autofluorescent
pigment; it accumulates in retinal pigment epithelial cells with age and in some
retinal disorders. It can mediate a detergent-like perturbation of cell
membranes and light-induced damage to the cell. [7] Bilberry may also benefit
cataract and glaucoma patients. [14]. While, some researchers couldn't find
any effect of bilberry on eye nor draw a conclusion about bilberry's effect on
eye [1,2]
ANTIMICROBAL GROWTH
Bilberry fruits contain antimicrobial compounds, eg phenolics and organic
acids. Bilberry possesses activities against Salmonella and Staphylococcus. [9]
ANTI-INFECTION
Bilberry extract may have inhibitory effect on H. pylori growth in in vitro studies.
[8]
ANTI-TUMOR / ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES
Bilberry extract contains anthocyanins and these chemicals allows bilberry
possess of anticancer activity. Three mechanisms for bilberry's anti-tumor
activities: (1) antioxidation (2) anticarcinogensis and (3) apoptosis induction of
tumor cells may be involved. [3]
In vitro study, bilberry extract was effective to inhibit the growth of HL60 human
leukemia cells and HCT116 colon carcinoma cells. Bilberry extract contains a
large amount of anthocyanins. Pure delphinidin and malvidin (isolated from the
bilberry) induced apoptosis in HL60 cells while delphinidon and the glycoside
(isolated from the bilberry extract) inhibited the growth of HCT116 cells [4].
Some other studies also demonstrated the anti-cancer activities of bilberry. [5].
Bilberry extracts were shown to inhibit the growth of colon-cancer-derived
HT-29 cells. [6] Bilberry was shown to sinhibit both H2O2 as well as TNF alpha
induced VEGF expression by the human keratinocytes. [13]
DIABETES MELLITUS
Blberry may help prevent complications of diabetes mellitus. [17]
ABSORPTION OF BILBERRY
The maximum plasma concentration of total bilberry anthocyanins happens
within 1.5 hr after ingestion of bilberry anthocyanins in 4 healthy elderly
women. [22]
Bilberry anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the small in rats. [16]
Bilberry anthocyanins are also efficiently absorbed in anesthetized rats. [21]
BILBERRY DEGRADATION
Processing can degrade the quercetin in bilberry seriously. Quercetin content
decreased markedly (40%) in bilberries during 9 months of storage at 20 C.
[15]
DOSAGE OF BILBERRY EXTRACTS
Based on most comercial bilberry products, the standardized bilberry extract
contains 36% bilberry anthocyanosides. The dosage is usually from 160 to
320 mg of bilberry extract.
This article is for your reference only. If you have any questions, please, consult with your doctor.
Thanks. ALL RIGHT RESERVED. DO NOT COPY NOR TRANSFER THIS ARTICLE TO OTHER
WEBSITES/BLOGS.
HOME
REFERENCES
1. Muth et al, The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast
sensitivity, Altern Med Rev. 2000 Apr;5(2):164-73. 2. Canter et al. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium mrtillus
(bilberry) for night vision-a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. 2004Jan-Feb;49(1):38-50.3. Hou
DX, Potential Mechanisms of Cancer Chemoprevention by Anthocyanins, Curr Mol Med. 2003
Mar,3(2):149-59.4. Katsube et al Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
and the anthocyanins., J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 1;51(1):68-75. 5. Bomser et al, In vitro anticancer
activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species, Planta Med. 1996 Jun;62(3):212-6. 6. Zhao C et al,
Effects of commercial anthocyanin-rich extracts on colonic cancer and nontumorigenic colonic cell
growth, J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct 6;52(20):6122-8. 7. Jang YP et al, Anthocyanins Protect Against
A2E Photooxidation and Membrane Permeabilization in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells, Photochem
Photobiol. 2005 Dec 1. 8. Chatterjee A et al, Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori in vitro by various berry
extracts, with enhanced susceptibility to clarithromycin, Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Oct;265(1-2):19-26. 9.
Puupponen-Pimia R et al, Bioactive berry compounds-novel tools against human pathogens, Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Apr;67(1):8-18. Epub 2004 Dec 2. 10. Cicero AF et al, What do herbalists
suggest to diabetic patients in order to improve glycemic control? Evaluation of scientific evidence and
potential risks. Acta Diabetol. 2004 Sep;41(3):91-8. 11. Viljanen K et al, Inhibition of protein and lipid
oxidation in liposomes by bilberry phenolics, J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 1;52(24):7419-24.12.
Ichiyanagi T et al, Simultaneous comparison of relative reactivities of twelve major anthocyanins in
bilberry towards reactive nitrogen species, Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2004 Nov;52(11):1312-5. 13 Roy S,
Anti-angiogenic property of edible bilberries, Free Radic Res. 2002 Sep;36(9):1023-31. 14. Head KA,
Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma, Altern Med Rev. 2001
Apr;6(2):141-66. 15. Influence of domestic processing and storage on flavonol contents in bilberries J
Agric Food Chem. 2000 Jul;48(7):2960-5. 16. Talavera S et al, Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed
from the small intestine in rats, J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2275-9. 17. Savickiene N et al, Importance of
biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus,
Medicina (Kaunas). 2002;38(10):970-5. 18. Bilberry, Botanical.com, A Modern Herbal by Mrs. M. Grieve,
April 21, 2005. 19. Wholehealthmd.com, April 21, 2005. 20. Eandi M. Post Marketing Investigation on
TegensW preparatin with respect to side effects. Unpublished resuts. Cited by Morazoni P et al,
Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry, Fitoterapia 1996;67:3-19. 21. Talavera S. found that bilberry anthocyanins
are efficiently absorbed in anesthetized rats. J Nutr. 2003 Dec;133(12):4178-82. 22. Cao G et al,
Anthocyanins are absorbed in glycated forms in elderly women: a pharmacokinetic study. Am J Clin Nutr.
2001 May; 73(5):920-6. 23. guerrini M. Report on clinical trial of bilberry anthocyanosides in the
treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Instituto di Patalogia Speciale Medica e
Methodologia Clinica, Universita di Siena. 1987 24. Corsi S. Report on trial of bilberry anthocyanosides
(Tegens - Inverni delta Beffa) in the medical treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Casa di
Cura S. Chiara, Florence, Italy. 1987. 25. Gatta L. Controlled clinical trial among patients designed to
assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Tegens 160. Ospedale Filippo del Ponte, Varese, Italy 1982.
26. Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. Abebe W. J Clin Pharm
Ther. 2002 Dec;27(6):391-401. 27. Hoekstra JH et al Fruit juice malabsorption: not only fructose. Acta
Paediatr. 1995 Nov;84(11):1241-4. 28. www.richters.com online publication Bilberry Poisonous? Conrad
Richter, December 20, 1999. [29] Bao L et al, Protective effects of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)
extract on KBrO3-induced kidney damage in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Jan 23;56(2):420-5. Epub
2007 Dec 20
| Health Benefits of Bilberry side effects, benefits Bilberry is often called European blueberry. It is because bilberry grows abundantly in the mountainous areas of Europe. Bilberry is closely related to American Blueberry. It has a creamy white meat. updated on March 18, 2008 |
 |  |  |  |
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Fish Oil
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